Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of 4,000 chemical compounds, including 43 known carcinogens. It is well known that smoke acts as the initiator and promoter in the process of carcinogenesis, and the risk of cancer is directly proportional to the amount and duration of smoking. Tobacco is the cause of 30% of all cancer deaths and one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease, along with high blood pressure and hyperlipidemia. Cigarette smoking is estimated to be responsible for more than 20% of all coronary heart disease deaths in men over 86 years of age and for approximately 45% of such deaths in men aged less than 65 years. About 80% of mortality from chronic obstructive lung disease is attributable to cigarette smoking, and the age-adjusted death rate for COPD is 10-times higher in current smokers than in nonsmokers. Peptic ulcer disease, osteoporosis, skin wrinkling, and retarded fetal growth are all associated with cigarette smoking. Through passive smoking, 69% of individuals develop eye irritation, 29% have nasal symptoms, 32% have headaches, and 25% develop a cough. The infant admission rate increases with mother’s smoking amount, and the relative risk of lung cancer is 1.8 in smoker’s spouse. Tobacco is the single, chief, avoidable cause of death in our society, and the most important public issue of our time.
Carcinogenesis ; Carcinogens ; Cause of Death ; Coronary Disease ; Cough ; Fetal Development ; Headache ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypertension ; Infant ; Lung Neoplasms ; Male ; Mortality ; Osteoporosis ; Peptic Ulcer ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Risk Factors ; Skin Aging ; Smoke ; Smoking* ; Spouses ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Products* ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

No abstract available.

Epidural hematoma associated with epidural anesthesia is rare. We describe a case of a epidural hematoma after continuous epidural anesthesia and analgesia for arthroscopic patella shaving. Anesthesia was indudced with 8 ml lidocaine, 2.0% with epinephrine, 1:200,000 and surgery proceeded. When additional boluses of bupivacaine were administered later, aspiration of the epidural catheter still yielded no blood. At the end of the operation, an epidural infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine was done 2 ml/hr by two-day infusor. In the third postoperative day, the patient suffered from acute myocardial infarction and then heparin was infused. In the fourth postoperative day, she complained lumbar back pain and developed depressed dorsiflexion (Grade II) of great toe in left foot during the infusion of heparin. Sagittal MRI showed posterior thickened epidural hematoma along the segments of T12-L4. Despite the delayed laminectomy and decompression, which was performed six days after her initial operation, she had a good postoperative response, followed by a complete neurological recovery.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Back Pain ; Bupivacaine ; Catheters ; Decompression ; Epinephrine ; Foot ; Hematoma* ; Heparin ; Humans ; Infusion Pumps ; Laminectomy ; Lidocaine ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Myocardial Infarction ; Patella ; Toes

No abstract available.
Abdominal Pain* ; Humans

No abstract available.
Antibodies*

No abstract available.
Embryo Transfer* ; Embryonic Structures* ; Fertilization in Vitro* ; Gangwon-do*

No abstract available.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid*

No abstract available.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Depression* ; Mass Screening* ; Primary Health Care*