No abstract available.

No abstract available.

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been established as the first line procedure of urinary stone treatment. To evaluate clinical efficacy and to identify the criteria of proper patient selection tempered by understanding of the limitations of the ESWL therapy available. We reviewed 2500 patients with urinary stone treated by ESWL using the Northgate SD-3 lithotriptor between June, 1989 and May, 1995. The results were obtained as follows: 1. The total average success rate of treatment was 92.6%. 2. The success rate according to stone locations were 88% in kidney (1074/1214 cases), 93.5% in ureter(1275/1323 cases) and 92.7% in bladder (38/41 cases). 3. The success rate according to stone size measured on the KUB film were 98.0% below 10mm, 91.0% in 11 - 20mm, 80.0% in 21 - 30mm and 68.7% over 31mm. 4. The average numbers of treatment were 2.3 sessions and the mean number of shock per treatment were 1940 +- 230. 5. Of the 2578 cases, 2178(84.5%) were treated by ESWL monotherapy. For auxiliary procedure, Double-J stents were placed in 64 cases and nephrostomy in 49 cases. Stone manipulation including push back, Dormia basket, Ureteroscopy were performed in 161 cases. We conclude that as a highly effective and minimally invasive treatment modality, ESWL has become to be the therapy of choice in 85.5% of urinary stones. When ESWL therapy is less effective for stone size larger than 3 cm(68.7%), staghorn calculi (65.5%) and presence of anatomical barriers, the additional endourologic procedures need to be indicated.
Calculi ; Humans ; Kidney ; Lithotripsy* ; Patient Selection ; Shock* ; Stents ; Ureteroscopy ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Calculi*

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been established as the first line procedure of urinary stone treatment. To evaluate clinical efficacy and to identify the criteria of proper patient selection tempered by understanding of the limitations of the ESWL therapy available. We reviewed 2500 patients with urinary stone treated by ESWL using the Northgate SD-3 lithotriptor between June, 1989 and May, 1995. The results were obtained as follows: 1. The total average success rate of treatment was 92.6%. 2. The success rate according to stone locations were 88% in kidney (1074/1214 cases), 93.5% in ureter(1275/1323 cases) and 92.7% in bladder (38/41 cases). 3. The success rate according to stone size measured on the KUB film were 98.0% below 10mm, 91.0% in 11 - 20mm, 80.0% in 21 - 30mm and 68.7% over 31mm. 4. The average numbers of treatment were 2.3 sessions and the mean number of shock per treatment were 1940 +- 230. 5. Of the 2578 cases, 2178(84.5%) were treated by ESWL monotherapy. For auxiliary procedure, Double-J stents were placed in 64 cases and nephrostomy in 49 cases. Stone manipulation including push back, Dormia basket, Ureteroscopy were performed in 161 cases. We conclude that as a highly effective and minimally invasive treatment modality, ESWL has become to be the therapy of choice in 85.5% of urinary stones. When ESWL therapy is less effective for stone size larger than 3 cm(68.7%), staghorn calculi (65.5%) and presence of anatomical barriers, the additional endourologic procedures need to be indicated.
Calculi ; Humans ; Kidney ; Lithotripsy* ; Patient Selection ; Shock* ; Stents ; Ureteroscopy ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Calculi*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Infant*

Background: Human breast milk (HBM) contains optimal nutrients for infant growth.Probiotics are used to prevent disease and, when taken by the mother, they may affect infant microbiome as well as HBM. However, few studies have specifically investigated the effect of probiotic intake by the mother on HBM and infant microbiota at genus/species level. Therefore, we present a comprehensive analysis of paired HBM and infant feces (IF) microbiome samples before and after probiotic intake by HBM-producing mothers. Methods: Lactating mothers were administered with Lactobacillus rhamnosus (n = 9) or Saccharomyces boulardii capsules (n = 9), for 2 months; or no probiotic (n = 7). Paired HBM and IF samples were collected before and after treatment and analyzed by next-generation sequencing. Results: Forty-three HBM and 49 IF samples were collected and sequenced. Overall, in 43 HBM samples, 1,190 microbial species belonging to 684 genera, 245 families, 117 orders, and 56 classes were detected. In 49 IF samples, 372 microbial species belonging to 195 genera, 79 families, 42 orders, and 18 classes were identified. Eight of 20 most abundant genera in both HBM and IF samples overlapped: Streptococcus (14.42%), Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, and Veillonella, which were highly abundant in the HBM samples; and Bifidobacterium (27.397%), Bacteroides, and Faecalibacterium, which were highly abundant in the IF samples. Several major bacterial genera and species were detected in the HBM and IF samples after probiotic treatment, illustrating complex changes in the microbiomes upon treatment. Conclusion This is the first Korean microbiome study in which the effect of different probiotic intake by the mother on the microbiota in HBM and IF samples was investigated.This study provides a cornerstone to further the understanding of the effect of probiotics on the mother and infant microbiomes.

Background: Human breast milk (HBM) contains optimal nutrients for infant growth.Probiotics are used to prevent disease and, when taken by the mother, they may affect infant microbiome as well as HBM. However, few studies have specifically investigated the effect of probiotic intake by the mother on HBM and infant microbiota at genus/species level. Therefore, we present a comprehensive analysis of paired HBM and infant feces (IF) microbiome samples before and after probiotic intake by HBM-producing mothers. Methods: Lactating mothers were administered with Lactobacillus rhamnosus (n = 9) or Saccharomyces boulardii capsules (n = 9), for 2 months; or no probiotic (n = 7). Paired HBM and IF samples were collected before and after treatment and analyzed by next-generation sequencing. Results: Forty-three HBM and 49 IF samples were collected and sequenced. Overall, in 43 HBM samples, 1,190 microbial species belonging to 684 genera, 245 families, 117 orders, and 56 classes were detected. In 49 IF samples, 372 microbial species belonging to 195 genera, 79 families, 42 orders, and 18 classes were identified. Eight of 20 most abundant genera in both HBM and IF samples overlapped: Streptococcus (14.42%), Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, and Veillonella, which were highly abundant in the HBM samples; and Bifidobacterium (27.397%), Bacteroides, and Faecalibacterium, which were highly abundant in the IF samples. Several major bacterial genera and species were detected in the HBM and IF samples after probiotic treatment, illustrating complex changes in the microbiomes upon treatment. Conclusion This is the first Korean microbiome study in which the effect of different probiotic intake by the mother on the microbiota in HBM and IF samples was investigated.This study provides a cornerstone to further the understanding of the effect of probiotics on the mother and infant microbiomes.

Retrocaval ureter is a rare congenital anomaly. We experienced a case of retrocaval ureter with double inferior vena cava and with intermittent right flank pain in 54 years old female. We performed IVU, RGP, Venacavogram, MRI, and diuretic DTPA renal scan. MRI is the best single study to delineate the anatomy clearly and noninvasively. She was treated with conservative treatment.
Female ; Flank Pain ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Pentetic Acid ; Retrocaval Ureter* ; Vena Cava, Inferior*

BACKGROUND: Residual and recurrent bile duct stones after biliary surgery cause many difficult problems. and reoperation on biliary tract has limitation due to its high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, various non-operative modalities for management in residual and recurrent stone have been developed. METHODS: We analyzed 69 cases of residual and recurrent bile duct stones which were managed with non-operative modalities at the Department of surgery, Dae Dong Hospital from Jan. 1994 to Dec. 1997, and evaluated the efficacy of these modalities. RESULTS: Female exceeded male with a ratio 1.76:1. and the peak incidence of age group was 6th decade. The most common diagnostic procedure was T-tube cholangiography (53.6%). Interval between previous operation and second procedure for residual or recurrent stones was within 6 months in most cases (82%). Cholecystectomy with T-tube choledochostomy was performed most frequently in previous operation. Residual and recurrent stones were found only at common bile duct in 34 cases (49.3%) most commonly. Common bile duct stones were managed most frequently with endoscopic sphincterotomy (39.5%), but the complete removal rate was heighest in choledochoscopic stone removal (100%). Complete removal rate of intrahepatic duct stone was heighest with interventional radiologic stone removal as well as choledochoscopic stone removal (43.6%), but average number of session was smaller in choledochoscopic stone removal (2.5) than interventional radiologic stone removal (3.5). Associated complication with non-operative management modalities were very low, except three cases of hepaticocutaneous jejunostomy. The latter required reoperation due to continuous bile fistula in two cases, and long jejunal loop in one case. CONCLUSIONS: Choledochoscopic stone removal is most effective method in the management of residual and recurrent bile duct stones.
Bile Ducts* ; Bile* ; Biliary Tract ; Cholangiography ; Cholecystectomy ; Choledochostomy ; Common Bile Duct ; Female ; Fistula ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jejunostomy ; Male ; Methods ; Mortality ; Reoperation ; Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was performed in 122 patients with upper ureteral calculi managed by 3 different techniques ; ESWL in situ. after push back and after placement of push back ureteral catheter below the stone in patients of failure to push back. To investigate the push back effect for upper ureteral stone, we reviewed 3 different treatment modalities. Of 122 patients push back was performed in 54 patients, which was successful in 27 patients (50%). The success rate of ESWL and the number of total average shock waves were 100%, 1667 waves in successful push back patients. 98.5%. 3007 waves in situ treatment and 88.9%, 4133 waves in patients of failure to push back. Complications of push back were infrequent, with the most common being ureteral perforation in 2 patients. all of which were managed conservatively. Push back of upper ureteral calculi improved success rate of ESWL and reduced significantly the number of average shock Waves.
Humans ; Lithotripsy ; Shock ; Ureter* ; Ureteral Calculi ; Urinary Catheters