Microbial fouling is important one of fouling in industrial circulating cooling water system. In suitable conditions, microorganisms that caused the forming of fouling could reproduce rapidly, which would increase evidently fouling resistance, flow resistance and corrosion rate, so much as block water cur- rent path to result in running failure of equipments. This paper introduces the concept of microbial fouling, and illuminates the status, function and characteristic of detection technology research for microbial fouling. The present known forming processes of microbial fouling and their important impact factors are summed up. The commonly used monitoring methods at home and abroad, their merits and defects, and also the latest research developments are analyzed especially in the paper. At last, the authors point out the development trends of detection technology for microbial fouling.

Objective To explore the relationship between physical activity(PA) and the risk of colon cancer. Methods Cohort studies on physical activity and risk of colon cancer were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, Chinese Bio-medicine and Chinese Wanfang databases from January 1979 to December 2009. Results from the individual studies were synthetically combined in our study. Inverse variance weighting was used in fixed effects model and the random effects estimate was based on the DerSimonian-Laird method. Variance-weighted least squares method was used for trend test of summarized dose-response data. Results A total of 28 studies were included in our analysis. An inverse association between physical activities and the risk of colon cancer was observed with the relative risks (RR) as 0.75 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66-0.86] in males and 0.85(95%CI: 0.76-0.95)in females, respectively. However, the findings from those documents with high quality showed significant and borderline significant associations between PA and colon cancer in both males (RR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.61-0.90) and females (RR=0.99, 95% CI: 0.95-1.02). Meanwhile, the dose-response trend was not observed either in males (P=0.142) or in females (P=0.417). For men, the pooled RRs differed by subsites were 0.62(95%CI:0.45-0.85) and 0.74 (95%CI:0.56-0.99)for highest level PA, compared with lowest level PA in proximal colon and distal colon cancer,respectively. For women, the pooled RRs were 0.84 (95%CI: 0.69-1.01 ) in proximal colon and 0.75(95%CI: 0.53-1.05)in distal colon cancer, respectively. Conclusion These results added to the evidence for the protective effects in colon cancer among men and women.

Objective To assess the effective length of jejunal graft when the 3~(rd) intestinal artery is u- tilized as vascular pedicle and afford a reliable theoretic base for clinical esophageal reconstruction.Methods In 32 formalin preserved and 21 fresh cadaver specimens,the diameter of 1st to 5th intestinal arteries and diameter of arterial arches are measured with linear calibre.Measure the length of jejunum that can be harves- ted as graft when the arches are extended.In the 21 fresh specimens,the 1st,2nd,4th and 5th intestinal ar- teries are ligated,acetic ester stained with red dye were injected into the lumen of 3rd intestinal artery via catheter.Extent of distribution of the arteries to the jejunum was observed.And then red ABS solution was in- jected into the 3rd intestinal artery to make into cast specimen.The blood supply distribution of jejunum through 3rd intestinal artery-arterial arch and communicating system were observed again.Results The di- ameter of the 3rd intestinal artery was the largest among the 1st to 5th intestinal arteries.The length of jejunum vascularized by 3rd intestinal artery can be as long as (142.2?62.3) (69.0～206.60cm) in acetic ester in- filtrated specimens.While in ABS east specimen,the average available extent of donor jejunum was(30.8?7.3) (23.0～37.3cm).Conclusion As observed by this applied anatomy study,the jejunum graft vascu- larized by 3rd intestinal artery alone has sufficient length to meet the need of esophageal reeonstrution.

OBJECTIVETo construct Epithelia Membrane Protein 1 gene-deficient in human fetal nucleus pulposus model by lentivirus-mediated RNA interference for building a platform for illustrating the biomechanisms role of EMP-1 during human intervertebral disc degeneration.

METHODSThe lentivirus vector with shRNA targeting EMP-1 mRNA was transected into 293FT cells by liposome. Then the lentivirus supernatant was obtained and used for infecting human fetal nucleus pulposus. The expression of GFP was observed under fluorescence microscope after 48 h. The viral particles were collected at 72 h after transfection. The efficacy of gene interference was tested by Western blot and Real-time RT-PCR. Analysis the results of the fluorescent microscope scenes and get the average values of EMP-1/GAPDH by detected the interference efficiency of various interference DNA sequences with western blot and semi quantitative RT-PCR methods.

RESULTSThe lentivirns with high titer were obtained and the EMP-1 gene deficient cell strains were obtained. Semi quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot proved the average values of EMP-1/GAPDH decreased from 0.46 to 0.32 and 0.5 to 0.25 (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONLentivirus packaging technology can be mastered skillfully. EMP-1 gene-deficient cell models are successfully established.

Fetus ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; metabolism ; Lentivirus ; genetics ; Neoplasm Proteins ; genetics ; RNA Interference ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; genetics ; Transfection

There are four different types of N-terminal amino acid sequences (F-I-0, F-I, F-II, F-III) in the multicomponents of earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes (EFE). In GenBank 21 nucleic acid sequences of EFE have been reported. Among them, most of the N-terminal amino acid sequences belong to the F-III type,few belong to the F-II type. Only one is similar to the F-I type, but none to F-I-0. In this research we hoped to obtain the gene encoding component F-I-0 of EFE by the bioinformatics tools. Based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence VVGGSDTTIGQYPHQL of the F-I-0 type from Lumbricus rubellus, a nucleic acid sequence was obtained by in silico cloning from dbEST of Lumbricidae using the software DNAMAN. A new gene of EFE from Eisenia foetida was successfully obtained by RT-PCR using specific primers designed according to this sequence. The new gene named EfP-0 was cloned in pMAL-c2x and expressed as the fusion protein MBP-EfP-0 in the supernatant of lysate. The fusion protein MBP-EfP-0 purified by affinity chromatography had hydrolytic activity on casein plate. Sequencing result shows, EfP-0 has 678bp and encodes a protein of 225 amino acids. The protein is a serine protease belonging to trypsin family. It has similar amino acid composition to F-I-0. BLAST in GenBank shows that the similarity is lower than 40% between EJP-0 gene and other EFE genes. By this we conclude that EfP-0 gene of EFE is a novel gene and it is the first time to be reported, its accession number for Genbank is DQ836917.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Computational Biology ; Databases, Genetic ; Endopeptidases ; biosynthesis ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligochaeta ; enzymology ; genetics ; Open Reading Frames ; genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

OBJECTIVETo establish an animal model of obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) after lung transplantation and investigate the pathogenesis preliminarily.

METHODSTracheal segments (5 cartilaginous rings each) were transplanted from SD rats to SD rats (Group I) or to Wistar rats (Group II and III). Grafts were implanted into an abdominal cavity and wrapped in the omentum. Animals in Group I and II did not receive CsA, animals in Group III received CsA daily by gastro-tube at 10 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) from beginning to end. Grafts were harvested on day 3, 14, 28 after transplantation as representative time points for 3 phases of injury in the evolution of allograft airway obliteration, then examined histological changes and gene expression of T-helper 1-and T-helper 2-type cytokines [Th1: interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma); Th2: interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10)] in grafts. At the same time, effects of CsA were observed on the above-mentioned indices.

RESULTSThere was no significant difference in histological changes on day 3 after transplantation among 3 groups (P > 0.05). Tracheas in Group I approached to normal morphology on day 14 after transplantation. Airway epithelium of Group II and III almost lost completely on day 14 after transplantation. There was no significant difference between Group II and Group III (P > 0.05), but there were significant differences between Group I and Group II or Group III. The cross-sectional area of the tracheal lumen was narrowed by approximately (5.0 +/- 1.2)%, (28.5 +/- 5.0)% and (19.4 +/- 2.9)% respectively on day 14 after transplantation in Group I, II and III, there were significant differences among 3 groups. On day 14 after transplantation, tracheas in Group I revealed few lymphocytic infiltration, but it showed dense lymphocytic infiltration in Group II. Tracheas in Group III have much more lymphocyte infiltration than that in Group I, but much less than that in Group II. There were significant differences among 3 groups, too (P < 0.01). The tracheal lumen revealed almost total luminal obstruction (94.8 +/- 3.6)% on day 28 after transplantation in Group II. The cross-sectional area of the tracheal lumen was narrowed by approximately (3.7 +/- 0.8)% and (36.6 +/- 7.6)% respectively in Group I and III on day 28. There were significant differences among 3 groups (P < 0.01). Compared with that on day 14, lymphocytic infiltration had decreased gradually on day 28 in Group II and III. There were significant differences among 3 groups all the same (P < 0.01). In Group II, expression of IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 were much higher than that in Group I. Expression of Th1 cytokines was increased to a greater extent than that of Th2 cytokines in Group II compared with Group I. Allografts in Group III expressed significantly less IL-2 gene transcripts than that in Group II over all the points. There was no significant difference between Group II and III in IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 gene expression.

CONCLUSIONSCompared with isografts, allografts have more obvious changes, such as epithelial damage, fibroproliferation and lymphocytic infiltration. Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte subtypes contribute to the development of obliterative bronchiolitis in heterotopic trachea transplant model of rat, and changes of their cytokines gene expression may be involved in the pathogenesis. CsA could reduce the development of fibroproliferation and lymphocyte infiltration markedly, but it could not protect airway epithelium. CsA inhibits IL-2 gene transcripts, so it can reduce development of the pathologic lesion of obliterative bronchiolitis to a certain degree.

Abdominal Cavity ; surgery ; Animals ; Bronchiolitis Obliterans ; etiology ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Cyclosporine ; pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; pharmacology ; Interferon-gamma ; genetics ; Interleukin-10 ; genetics ; Interleukin-2 ; genetics ; Interleukin-4 ; genetics ; Lung Transplantation ; adverse effects ; methods ; Postoperative Complications ; etiology ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats, Wistar ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Trachea ; metabolism ; pathology ; transplantation ; Transplantation, Homologous

To study the chemical constituents of the fruits of Melia toosendan, three limonoids were isolated and purified by repeated silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC from the EtOAc extract of M. toosendan. Their structures were determined by their physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic data (1D-NMR, 2D-NMR) as: 24, 25, 26, 27-tetranorapotirucalla-(apoeupha)-1alpha-tigloyloxy-3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxyl-12alpha-acetoxyl-14, 20, 22-trien-21, 23-epoxy-6, 28-epoxy (1), nimbolinin B (2), and trichilinin D (3), separately. Compound 1 is a new compound, and compound 2 is obtained from this plant for the first time.
Fruit ; chemistry ; Limonins ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Melia ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the feasibility of the pedicle screw pilot holes placement in thoracic spine using the spiral wires as the guide pin.

METHODSThe pedicle screw pilot holes were drilled within the center of the pedicle and the lateral and medial pedicle walls were violated in 9 human dried thoracic vertebrae. Kirschner wires or spiral wires were separately placed in the holes, and then the posteroanterior and lateral radiographs were taken. The radiographs were evaluated by 3 experienced spine surgeons and 3 young orthopedists. After radiographs were shown to these observers, they combined the posteroanterior and lateral radiographs in each place and determined whether the pedicle screw pilot hole violated the pedicle cortex or not. The results were analyzed by a statistical software.

RESULTSSensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the method using spiral wires to detect pedicle pilot hole placement were significantly higher than those of using Kirschner wires. With a true posteroanterior radiograph, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the method using spiral wires approximated or attained 100%.

CONCLUSIONSThe method of intrapedicular pilot hole placement verification using spiral wires is effective for guiding the accurate placement of pedicle screws.

Bone Screws ; Bone Wires ; Cadaver ; Feasibility Studies ; Humans ; Internal Fixators ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Radiography ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spinal Fusion ; instrumentation ; Thoracic Vertebrae ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

AIMTo construct recombinant retroviruses expressing anti-CD20 scFv/CD80/CD28/zeta gene and detect its expression in Jurkat cells.

METHODCD28-zetacDNA were amplified from plasmids pBULLET and inserted into pLNCX vector that contained anti-CD20 scFv/CD80 gene. The recombinant plasmids were transfected into PA 317 cells. Retroviruses were harvested from culture medium of PA 317 cells. Then NIH 3T3 were transfected with retroviruses. Objective gene expression was determined by PCR and FACS. Jurkat cells were transfected with high titer of retroviruses and resistant clones were obtained by G418 selection. Objective mRNA was determined by RT- PCR.

RESULTSThe recombinant eukaryotic vector was constructed successfully by PCR and enzyme digestion analysis and objective gene was amplified from NIH 3T3 cells transfected with retroviruses by PCR; FACS showed that objective protein could be expressed in NIH 3T3 cells. Objective gene was amplified from Jurkat cells transfected with retroviruses by RT-PCR.

CONCLUSIONRecombinant retrovirus expressing anti-CD20 scFv/CD80/CD28/zeta gene was successfully constructed and objective protein could be expressed in Jurkat cells.

Antigens, CD20 ; genetics ; metabolism ; B7-1 Antigen ; genetics ; metabolism ; CD28 Antigens ; genetics ; metabolism ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments ; genetics ; metabolism ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region ; genetics ; metabolism ; Jurkat Cells ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Retroviridae ; genetics ; T-Lymphocytes ; metabolism ; Transfection

BACKGROUNDReal-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) has made revolutionized improvements of cardiac imaging during the past few years. However, there is no standard examination method for RT-3DE so far. This study aimed to establish the diagnostic method of RT-3DE and evaluate its application in the diagnosis of complex congenital heart diseases (CHD).

METHODSFifty patients with complex CHD were examined by RT-3DE with modes of Live 3DE and Full Volume. A series of novel volumetric views combined with Van Praagh sequential segmental approach were introduced to reveal the pathological morphology of the hearts, which were compared with the findings of two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE), angiography and cardiac surgery.

RESULTSIn 50 patients, 190 image acquisitions of Full Volume were performed at several acoustic windows including subcostal, apical and parasternal regions. Among them, 94.2% (179/190) of image acquisitions were successful. Most sectional volumetric views could be clearly displayed in 92.6% of the successful image acquisitions. However, sectional volumetric views could not be clearly displayed in 7.4%, which was mainly due to poor perspective conditions of examination location, improper instrument multi-parameter setting and insufficient information of whole heart captured in Full Volume acquisitions. As compared with surgical findings and angiography, RT-3DE made correction to the diagnoses in 2 cases including 1 with corrected transposition of the great arteries and the other with single atrium and mitral cleft. The diagnoses initially made by 2DE for these 2 patients were double outlet right ventricle with transposition of the great arteries and complete atrio-ventricular septal defect.

CONCLUSIONSRT-3DE can clearly display the pathological morphology of complex CHD by a series of novel volumetric views combined with sequential segmental approach through providing more spatial informative cardiovascular structures, which provides a practical method for RT-3DE diagnosis.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional ; methods ; Female ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male