Erectile dysfunction is a common disease of andrology, for which current guidelines recommend oral agents as the first-line therapy. The dopamine agonist apomorphine acts on the central control of penile erection to allow a sublingual preparation to produce a prompt response. It is not contraindicated in patients on nitrate medication for coronary artery disease. The present review describes the pharmacodynamics, action mechanism, efficacy and adverse effects of apomorphine.
Apomorphine ; adverse effects ; pharmacokinetics ; therapeutic use ; Dopamine Agonists ; adverse effects ; pharmacokinetics ; therapeutic use ; Erectile Dysfunction ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Penile Erection ; drug effects

To investigate the inhibitory mechanism of quercetin on growth of human bladder cancer cell line(BIU-87). BIU-87 cells were cultured in vitro, and co-cultured with varying concentrations of quercetin, and the anti-proliferative activity was determined by CCK-8 assay. Apoptosis of quercetin-induced BIU-87 cells and cell cycle were determined by flow cytometry analysis. Expressions of Bal-2 and Bal-xL, and related proteins in TAK1/JNK signal pathway were measured using Western blot analysis. After treatment with quercetin for 24 h and 48 h, the proliferation of BIU-87 cells was significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner according to CCK-8 assay(P<0.05). The flow cytometry analysis indicated that each group of quercetin leads to a significant higher percentage of apoptosis of BIU-87 cells than control group after treatment with quercetin for 24 h and 48 h; In G₀/G₁ period, cells reduced, while the amount of cells in G₂/M period increased, and cells in S period remained the same amount. Expressions of Bal-2, Bal-xL, p-TAK1, p-MKK4/7, p-JNK decreased in BIU-87 cells after treatment with quercetin. Quercetin could inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of BIU-87 cells. The mechanism may be correlated with the inhibition of TAK1/JNK signaling pathway, which led to the further decrease in expressions of Bal-2 and Bal-xL.

OBJECTIVETo compare the stability of sacroiliac screws fixation for the treatment of bilateral vertical sacral fractures to provide reference for clinic application.

METHODSA finite element model of Tile C pelvic ring injury (bilateral type Denis II fracture of sacrum) was produced. The bilateral sacral fractures were fixed with sacroiliac screws in 4 types of models respectively: two bidirectional sacroiliac screws fixation in the S₁ segment, two bidirectional sacroiliac screws fixation in the S₂ segment, one sacroiliac screw fixation in the S₁ segment and one sacroiliac screw fixation in the S₂ segment, two bidirectional sacroiliac screws fixation in S₁ and S₂ segments respectively. By the ABAQUS 6.9.1 software, in the case of standing on both feet, 600 N vertical load was imitated to be imposed to the superior surface of the sacrum and downward translation and backward angle displacement of the middle part of the sacral superior surface and everted angle displacement of the top of iliac bones were extracted for analysis. The stability of sacroiliac screws fixation was compared according to the principle of the better stability the smaller displacement.

RESULTSThe stability of 2 bidirectional sacroiliac screws fixation in S₁ and S₂ segments respectively was markedly superior to that of 2 bidirectional sacroiliac screws fixation in S₁ or S₂ segment and was also markedly superior to that of one sacroiliac screw fixation in S₁ segment and one sacroiliac screw fixation in S₂ segment. The vertical and everted stability (the downward translation: 0.531 mm; the everted angle displacement: 0.156° (left side), 0.163° (right side)) of sacroiliac screws fixation in two bidirectional sacroiliac screws fixation in the S₂ segment was superior to that of two bidirectional sacroiliac screws fixation in the S₁ segment (the downward translation: 0.673 mm; the everted angle displacement: 0.200° (left side), 0.232° (right side)). The rotational stability of two bidirectional sacroiliac screws fixation in the S₁ segment (the backward angle displacement: 0.269°) was superior to that of two bidirectional sacroiliac screws fixation in the S₂ segment (the backward angle displacement: 0.287°). Moreover, the rotational stability of one sacroiliac screw fixation in the S₁ segment and one sacroiliac screw fixation in the S₂ segment was inferior to that of two bidirectional sacroiliac screws fixation in the S₁ segment or two bidirectional sacroiliac screws fixation in the S₂ segment, and the vertical and everted stability of one sacroiliac screw fixation in the S₁ segment and one sacroiliac screw fixation in the S₂ segment was between that of two bidirectional sacroiliac screws fixation in the S₁ segment and two bidirectional sacroiliac screws fixation in the S₂ segment.

CONCLUSIONSTwo bidirectional sacroiliac screws fixation in S₁ and S₂ segments respectively is recommended to be utilized for fixing bilateral sacral fractures of Tile C pelvic ring injury as far as possible. It is suggested to choose sacral segments in which sacroiliac screws fixed according to vertical, rotational and everted stability degree of sacral fractures.

Adult ; Bone Screws ; Computer Simulation ; Female ; Finite Element Analysis ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Fractures, Bone ; surgery ; Humans ; Sacrum ; injuries ; surgery

OBJECTIVETo investigate the efferent pathway from the dorsal raphe nucleus to the inner ear.

METHODSEleven adult cats weighing 2.0 - 3.0 kg were used. The animals had no middle-ear disease and their auricle reflex was sensitive to sound. They were divided into experimental group (8 cats) and control group (3 cases). The fluorescent tracer cholera toxin subunit-B (CTB) was injected into cat cochlea and the CTB-labelled neurons of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) were identified using an immunofluorescence technique after a survival period of 7 days. For studying other fluorescence labelling, the sections containing CTB-labelled neurons were divided into four groups and incubated in antisera directed against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serotonin (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine B-hydroxylase (DBH), respectively. Single-and double-labelled neurons were identified from the DRN.

RESULTS(1) A subpopulation of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) neurons were intensely labelled with CTB and these CTB-labelled neurons were densely distributed in a dorsomedial part of the DRN; (2) Four immunolabelling, TH, 5-HT, GABA and DBH were presented throughout the DRN. Of the total population of CTB-labelled neurons, 100% were TH-labelled neurons (double labelling) and no double-stained neuron with 5-HT, GABA and DBH was observed in the DRN.

CONCLUSIONSThere was a projection from DRN to the inner ear and this pathway might be a dopaminergic projection.

Animals ; Cats ; Ear, Inner ; innervation ; metabolism ; Efferent Pathways ; Neurons ; metabolism ; physiology ; Raphe Nuclei ; metabolism ; physiology

BACKGROUNDDefinitive treatment for heart attack is early reperfusion with either angioplasty or thrombolytic therapy, and the benefit is strictly time-dependent. Patient outcomes are improved with either therapy when initiated as soon as possible. Recognition of heart attack symptoms is logically tied to taking action to receive prompt emergency care. Inadequate knowledge of heart attack symptoms may prolong delay. The purpose of this study was to document knowledge about heart attack symptoms in Beijing residents and to identify the characteristics associated with increased knowledge of heart attack.

METHODSA structured survey was conducted in 18 communities in Beijing from March 1 through June 10 in 2006. Addresses and participants were selected randomly following a stratification. The survey was designed to collect knowledge of heart attack symptoms from sampled adults in each community.

RESULTSA total of 4627 respondents completed the questionnaires correctly, and 50.29% of them were female. Totally 64.15% of the respondents reported chest pain or discomfort (common symptoms) as a symptom of heart attack; 75.38% reported at least one of the following eight symptoms as a symptom of heart attack: back pain, shortness of breath, arm pain or numbness, nausea or vomiting, neck, jaw or shoulder pain, epigastric pain, sweating, weakness (less common symptoms); 20.36% correctly reported four or more heart attack symptoms, only 7.4% knew all the correct heart attack symptoms, and 28.94% knew about reperfusion therapy for heart attack; 31.7% reported to call 120 or 999 while having a heart attack themselves; however 89.6% reported to call 120 or 999 when someone else is suffering from a heart attack. Very old persons and those with health insurance coverage, high education level, high household income, longer living in Beijing and previous experience with heart disease had greater knowledge of heart attack symptoms.

CONCLUSIONSPublic knowledge of common heart attack symptoms as well as less common heart attack symptoms is deficient in Beijing residents. But their knowledge of calling emergency medical services when someone is having a heart attack is relatively adequate. Public health efforts are needed to increase the recognition of the major heart attack symptoms in both the general public and groups at high risk for an acute cardiac event, especially in socioeconomically disadvantaged subgroups, including persons with low education level, low household income, and no health insurance coverage.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Health Education ; Humans ; Knowledge ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Infarction ; diagnosis ; Public Health ; Sex Characteristics ; Socioeconomic Factors

OBJECTIVETo characterize the incidence, epidemiologic features, etiologic agents and sequelae of bacterial meningitis in children under 5 years of age in Nanning, Guangxi.

METHODSA population-based surveillance was conducted to evaluate children with signs and symptoms of meningitis. All hospitals, township health centers and village clinics in the surveillance area were structured to participate in the case referral and evaluation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood specimens were obtained and processed using standardized microbiologic methods.

RESULTSDuring the 26-month surveillance period, among the children under 5 years old, a total of 1272 cases who met the screening criteria of meningitis were studied. 265 of 1272 cases were identified as clinically diagnosed meningitis, with an incidence rate of 86.36 per 100 000 population. The annual incidence rate under the 38 cases of confirmed bacterial meningitis appeared to be 12.38/100 000. Staphylococcus species accounted for the largest proportion of laboratory-confirmed bacterial meningitis, followed by E. coli and S. pneumoniae. The highest attack rate occurred in neonates < 1 month, followed by children aged 1 - 12 months in the confirmed patients. Meningitis caused by Sp and Hi mainly occurred in children aged 1 - 12 months. All cases of meningitis due to Hi and Sp were children aged 1 - 24 months. 13.16% and 0.00% of the cases survived with complications and sequelae, and the case-fatality rate was 18.42%. 40 bacterial isolates were identified from 1193 blood cultures and 23 from 1211 cerebrospinal fluid samples, but no Neisseria meningitidis was found.

CONCLUSIONMeningitis due to Hi was first confirmed in Guangxi with the incidence of 0.98 per 100 000 population. The annual incidence rate of confirmed bacterial meningitis was 12.38 per 100 000, which was considered an important public health problem in children. Staphylococci was the predominant pathogen in confirmed bacterial meningitis.

Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Meningitis, Bacterial ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Meningitis, Escherichia coli ; epidemiology ; Meningitis, Haemophilus ; epidemiology ; Population Surveillance ; Staphylococcal Infections ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect and safety of Xiaozhi particles, integrated taohong Siwu tang and Erchen tang and Xuezhikang capsule in treating hyperlipidaemia (HLP) associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

METHODIn the multi-centered, randomized controlled clinical study, 180 hyperlipidaemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy cases were divided into the treatment group treated by Xiaozhi particles, integrated Taohong Siwu tang and Erchen tang, and the control group treated by Xuezhikang capsule. The treatment course was 12 weeks. The total cholesterol (Tch), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein(HDL) were observed.

RESULTAfter 12 weeks, compared with Xuezhikang capsule, the change difference of Tch, LDL, HDL in the Chinese traditional medicine formula groups of patients is significant (P < 0.05), the change of the TG has no significant difference. The effect of Tch, LDL in Xuezhikang capsule groups is better than in traditional Chinese medicine formula group,but the effect of HDL in traditional Chinese medicine formula group is better than in Xuezhikang capsule groups.

CONCLUSIONIntegrated Taohong Siwu tang and Erchen tang, Xiaozhi particles and Xuezhikang capsule can be used to control the hyperlipidaemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy as one of the main Chinese native medicine preparation.

Adult ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; adverse effects ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; blood ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; Lipoproteins, HDL ; blood ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; blood ; Male ; Triglycerides ; blood

Objective To evaluate the effects of socioeconomic status on the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors and clinical treatments of patients with acute myocardial infarction in Beijing.Methods In Beijing, a prospective, muhi-center, registration study was carried out which including 800 patients who were consecutively hospitalized for ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction within 24 hours after event attack in 19 different hospitals in Beijing between November, 2005 and December, 2006.Indicators of socioeconomic status included self-reported personal income (＜500, 500-2000,＞2000 RMB/month), educational attainment (≤ 12 and ＞ 12 years) and status of medical insurance (yes/no).According to categories of education, patients were categorized into two groups of lower socioeconomic status and higher socioeconomic status. Differences of cardiovascular risk factors and clinical treatments were compared across the two groups respectively. Results Proportion of diabetes and hyperlipidemia in patients with higher socioeconomic status was much higher than that of patients with lower socioeconomic status (P＜0.05, P＜0.01 respectively). Patients with lower socioeconomic status were more likely to be smokers (P ＜0.05). The rates of receiving coronary angiography and PTCA were much lower in patients with lower socioeconomic status. Medical insurance and income were the most important two socioeconomic factors determining the use of PTCA. Conclusion Compared to patients with lower socioeconomic status,patients with higher socioeconomic status had higher rates of hyperlipidemia and diabetes but lower smoking rate among cardiovascular risk factors. The rates of receiving interventional therapies were much lower in patients with lower socioeconomic status.

OBJECTIVETo observe the clinical effects of retrograde intramedullary nailing and cannulated screws in the treatment of femoral condylar fracture.

METHODSFrom June 2009 to June 2015, 13 patients with femoral condyles fracture were treated by retrograde intramedullary nailing and cannulated screws including 6 males and 7 females with an average age of 46.1 years old ranging from 16 to 76 years old. There were 10 cases of closed fractures, 3 cases of open fraetures. According to AO classification criteriam, 4 cases were type C1, 7 cases were type C2, 2 cases were type C3. Postoperative reduction of fracture and the knee joint function recovery were observed.

RESULTSAll patients were followed up for 12 to 36 months with a mean of 24 months. X-ray examination showed that the union time of fracture was 18 to 24 weeks, 21 weeks on average. There were no cases of loosening, breakage of internal fixators and re-fracture. Hospital for Special Surgery(HSS) knee score was 90.07±4.99 at 1 year after the operation.

CONCLUSIONSThe clinical efficacy for retrograde intramedullary nailing and cannulated screw for the treatment of femoral condyles fracture was excellent. It can improve the anatomical reattachment rate and reduce the complications and promote the knee functional recovery.

This study aims to explore the influence of Polygonati Rhizoma on the pyroptosis in the rat model of diabetic macroangiopathy via the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1(caspase-1)/gasdermin D(GSDMD) pathway. The rat model of diabetes was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ) combined with a high-fat, high-sugar diet. The blood glucose meter, fully automated biochemical analyzer, hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were employed to measure blood glucose levels, lipid levels, vascular thickness, inflammatory cytokine levels, and expression levels of pyroptosis-related proteins. The mechanism of pharmacological interventions against the injury in the context of diabetes was thus explored. The results demonstrated the successful establishment of the model of diabetes. Compared with the control group, the model group showed elevated levels of fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-c), lowered level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c), thickened vascular intima, and elevated serum and aorta levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interleukin-18(IL-18). Moreover, the model group showed increased NLRP3 inflammasomes and up-regulated levels of caspase-1 and GSDMD in aortic vascular cells. Polygonati Rhizoma intervention reduced blood glucose and lipid levels, inhibited vascular thickening, lowered the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18 in the serum and aorta, attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome expression, and down-regulated the expression levels of caspase-1 and GSDMD, compared with the model group. In summary, Polygonati Rhizoma can slow down the progression of diabetic macroangiopathy by inhibiting pyroptosis and alleviating local vascular inflammation.
Animals ; Rats ; Caspase 1/genetics* ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics* ; Interleukin-18 ; Blood Glucose ; Pyroptosis ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Diabetes Complications ; Vascular Diseases ; Inflammasomes ; Cholesterol ; Lipids ; Diabetes Mellitus