As an important part of Chinese medicinal materials, uncommon-territorial herbs are also the most complex parts in the herbal medicine markets. Through years of investigation on the key markets of Chinese herbal medicine, the meaning of uncommon-territorial herbs, their historical evolution, origin and characteristics were clarified in this paper, and some countermeasures were put forward for its development.
Biological Evolution ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; history ; Herbal Medicine ; history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Tongxinluo Capsule (TXLC) on platelet aggregation in patients of coronary heart disease (CHD) with aspirin resistance (AR).

METHODSPatients with AR were screened out from 330 CHD patients, who had regularly taken aspirin (100 mg/d) for more than one month, by testing platelet aggregation level after adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen (COL) induction. They were randomly assigned to three groups: the combined treatment group treated by TXLC + aspirin, the TXL group treated by TXLC alone and the AS group treated by aspirin alone, at the dose of TXLC 3 capsules thrice a day, and that of aspirin 100 mg/d. The therapeutic course for all was one month. Patients' platelet aggregation was measured before and after 1-month treatment.

RESULTSEighty-nine patients with AR were screened out from the 330 CHD patients, the occurrence rate being 26.97%. Platelet aggregation was significantly decreased after 1-month treatment in the combined treatment group and the TXL groups (P < 0.05), but changed insignificantly in the AS group, the difference between the former two and the latter group was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONTXLC has definite effect in reducing the ADP + COL induced platelet aggregation.

Adenosine Diphosphate ; metabolism ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aspirin ; pharmacology ; Collagen ; metabolism ; Coronary Disease ; blood ; drug therapy ; Drug Resistance ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Platelet Aggregation ; drug effects

The effects of hypoxia on the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), IkappaBalpha tyrosine phosphorylation, transcription of P65 mRNA and NF-kappaB activation in isolated rat peritoneal macrophages were investigated by DCFH-DA fluorescence spectrophotometry, Western blotting and RT-PCR. The results obtained are as follows. (1) During hypoxia, the levels of intracellular ROS began to increase at 1 h, then reached a peak at 2 h, and began to decrease after 3 h. IkappaBalpha tyrosine phosphorylation began to rise after 2 h hypoxia and was the highest after 3 h hypoxia. After 4 h hypoxia it decreased gradually. NF-kappaB activation began to increase after 3 h hypoxia, and reached a peak after 4 h hypoxia. (2) When antioxidant NAC (500 mmol/L) was added into the medium, the level of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation showed no significant changes during hypoxia. After adding protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (200 micromol/L), NF-kappaB activation induced by hypoxia was blocked significantly. (3) The expression of p65 mRNA was also elevated markedly during hypoxia. These results suggest that hypoxia may lead to IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and NF-kappaB activation through intracellular ROS, and that the regulation of NF-kappaB activity may involve IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and the expressions of each subunit gene of NF-kappaB.
Animals ; Cell Hypoxia ; Cells, Cultured ; Macrophages, Peritoneal ; cytology ; physiology ; Mice ; NF-kappa B ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; physiology ; Phosphorylation ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; analysis ; Signal Transduction

To research the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of glycinamide-bearing compounds that used as inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), P32/98 and compound A were chosen as the leading compounds, heterocycles containing nitrogen atom were introduced to form amide, and different residues on a-position of carbonyl were designed. The nineteen designed compounds were synthesized by a simple route and were evaluated as inhibitors of DPP-IV. All of the structures were characterized by 1H NMR and HRMS. The preliminary SAR result was obtained.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ; metabolism ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Drug Design ; Glycine ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; methods ; Molecular Structure ; Piperazines ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Structure-Activity Relationship

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influence of heat shock factor1 (HSF1) on gene expression of inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells induced by burn serum.

METHODSSera were separated from blood of normal rats and rats with severe burns, and the recombinant vector pcDNA3. 1/HSF1 was constructed. RAW264.7 macrophages were divided into non-transfection group, vacant vector group (with burn and normal sera stimulation, respectively after vacant vector transfection) and recombinant vector group (with burn and normal sera stimulation, respectively after recombinant vector transfection). Some recombinant vector transfected macrophages without serum stimulation were prepared for the determination of HSF 1 expression with Western blotting. The mRNA expressions of TNF-alpha, HMGB 1 and IL-10 were determined with RT-PCR.

RESULTSThe cell line attained after recombinant vector transfection was comparatively stable,with partial activation of HSF 1. Burn sera markedly upregulated TNF-alpha, HMGB1 mRNA expression (0.910 +/- 0.100, 0.860 +/- 0.020, respectively), but downregulated IL-10 expression (0.430 +/- 0.010, respectively) in normal macrophages, while these genes maintained in a very low level in normal macrophages with normal serum stimulation . macrophages with recombinant vector transfection and burn serum stimulation could obviously inhibit the expression of TNF-alpha and HMGB 1, but enhance the IL-10 gene expression (0.130 +/- 0.100, 0.450 +/- 0.020 , 0.450 +/- 0.020, respectively )when compared with that with vacant vector transfection and burn serum stimulation (0.800 +/- 0.050, 0.880 +/- 0.030, 0.420 +/- 0.010, respectively).

CONCLUSIONHSF1 can inhibit the expression of some pro-inflammatory mediators in macrophages after a severe burns, indicating that appropriate upregulation of anti-inflammatory mediators might exert protective effects on the organism.

Animals ; Burns ; metabolism ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression ; HMGB1 Protein ; metabolism ; Heat Shock Transcription Factors ; Heat-Shock Response ; genetics ; Inflammation Mediators ; metabolism ; Interleukin-10 ; metabolism ; Macrophages ; metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Serum ; Transcription Factors ; genetics ; Transfection ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of the aluminum hydroxide (Al-OH) adjuvant on the 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 (pH1N1) vaccine.

METHODSIn a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, participants received two doses of split-virion formulation containing 15 μg hemagglutinin antigen, with or without aluminum hydroxide (Al-OH). We classified the participants into six age categories (>61 years, 41-60 years, 19-40 years, 13-18 years, 8-12 years, and 3-7 years) and obtained four blood samples from each participant on days 0, 21, 35, and 42 following the first dose of immunization. We assessed vaccine immunogenicity by measuring the geometric mean titer (GMT) of hemagglutination inhibiting antibody. We used a two-level model to evaluate the fixed effect of aluminum Al-OH and other factors, accounting for repeated measures.

RESULTSThe predictions of repeated measurement on GMTs of formulations with or without Al-OH, were 80.35 and 112.72, respectively. Al-OH significantly reduced immunogenicity after controlling for time post immunization, age-group and gender.

CONCLUSIONThe Al-OH adjuvant does not increase but actually reduces the immunogenicity of the split-virion pH1N1 vaccine.

Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic ; chemistry ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aluminum Hydroxide ; chemistry ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; immunology ; Influenza Vaccines ; adverse effects ; chemistry ; immunology ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Statistical ; Pandemics ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study the immunological suppressing effect of recombinant adenovirus vector rAD-mTERT promotor-m4-1BBL (rAD-mTERT) on mouse hepatoma cell line Hepa1-6 cells in co-culture with T lymphocytes.

METHODSAdding recombinant adenovirus rAD, rAD-CMV-m4-1BBL (rAD-CMV) and rAD-mTERT to Hepa1-6 and L929 cells, respectively, to observe the effect of these adenoviruses on growth and apoptosis of these cells in co-culture with T lymphocytes.

RESULTSAdding adenovirus significantly suppressed the growth and slightly increased apoptosis of the two types of cells (P < 0.05). rAD-mTERT promotor-m4-1BBL showed only pro-apoptotic effect on Hepa1-6 cells. When co-cultured with T lymphocytes, rAD-CMV-m4-1BBL showed promoting effect on apoptosis of the cells. Compared with that of T cells pre-co-culture, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were proliferated, and the ratio of CD4/CD8 was significantly reduced (from 1.27 to 1.08).

CONCLUSIONAdding the recombinant adenoviruses only suppresses the cell growth, but not promotes their apoptosis. In co-culture with T lymphocytes, recombinant adenovirus vector rAD-mTERT promotor-m4-1BBL can targetingly suppress the growth and induce apoptosis of Hepa1-6 cells. The apoptosis is induced through the immunological killing effect of T lymphocytes.

4-1BB Ligand ; genetics ; physiology ; Adenoviridae ; genetics ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; CD4-CD8 Ratio ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Coculture Techniques ; Fibroblasts ; cytology ; Genetic Vectors ; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental ; immunology ; pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Recombinant Proteins ; genetics ; T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Telomerase ; genetics ; Transfection

OBJECTIVETo determine the expression of new candidate tumor suppressor gene N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2(Ndrg2) in colorectal cancer with different differentiation, and analyze its clinical significance.

METHODSSpecimens of 50 colorectal cancer patients with different differentiation were collected. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to examine the expression of Ndrg2. Colorectal cancer tissue array in large scale was applied to analyze the expression of Ndrg2 and the statistics analysis was performed referring to the patients information of the array.

RESULTSAmong 50 cases, Ndrg2 expression level of colorectal cancer was significantly lower in 32 cases as compared to adjacent and normal tissue of the same individual, while Ndrg2 expression of adjacent tissue was significantly lower than that of normal tissue. Ndrg2 protein levels increased from poor-differentiated to well-differentiated carcinomas(P=0.005).

CONCLUSIONSThe expression of Ndrg2 in different differentiated colorectal cancer tissues show a significant distinction. Ndrg2 may be involved in the regulation of differentiation in colorectal cancer.

Adult ; Aged ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Protein Array Analysis ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; metabolism ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of modified uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with partial resection of the musculus uvulae and preservation of the mucosa of uvulae for obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). METHOD: Thirty-six patients with OSAHS were enrolled and determined by physical examination, Muller's Test, and cephalometry whose obstructive plane were in oropharynx. One group (n = 18) only received uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with uvulae preservation, while the other group (n = 18) received uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with partial resection of the musculus uvulae and preservation of the mucosa of uvulae. Polysomnography (PSG), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Level of Snore were measured one day before operation and seix months after operation. RESULT: The apnea hypopnea index (AHI), lowest SaO2 (LSaO2), ESS and Level of Snore have changed in both groups (P < 0.01) after surgery in both groups. There were no statistically significance (t= --0.301, P > 0.05) in validity ratio between two groups. Postoperative Level of Snore were significantly different between two groups while AHI, LSaO2, ESS were not significantly different between two groups. CONCLUSION Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with partial resection of the musculus uvulae and preservation of uvulae mucosa is an effective surgical method for patients with OSAHS which obstructive plane is in oropharynx. It can decrease not only the level of snore but also the limited ratio of shrink in uvulae after routine surgery.
Adult ; Aged ; Cleft Palate ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mouth Mucosa ; surgery ; Oropharynx ; surgery ; Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Palate ; surgery ; Palate, Soft ; surgery ; Pharynx ; surgery ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; surgery ; Uvula ; surgery

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical effect and mechanism of hemoperfusion (HP) in the treatment of children with severe abdominal Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP).

METHODSA total of 24 children with severe abdominal HSP were divided into two groups: conventional treatment and HP (n=12 each). Ten healthy children who underwent physical examination were enrolled as the control group. Before and after treatment, chemiluminescence was used to measure the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); thiobarbituric acid colorimetry was used to measure the plasma level of malondialdehyde (MDA); the hydroxylamine method was used to measure the plasma level of superoxide dismutase (SOD); chemical colorimetry was used to measure the plasma level of total anti-oxidant capability (T-AOC).

RESULTSCompared with the control group, the conventional treatment and HP groups had significantly higher IL-6, TNF-α, and MDA levels and significantly lower SOD and T-AOC levels before treatment (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences between the conventional treatment and HP groups (P>0.05). After treatment, the conventional treatment and HP groups had significant reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and MDA levels and significant increases in SOD and T-AOC levels (P<0.05). The HP group had significantly greater changes than the conventional treatment group; however, there were still significant differences in these indices between the HP and control groups (P<0.05). Compared with the HP group, the conventional treatment group had a significantly lower percentage of children with disappearance of digestive tract symptoms at 4 days after treatment and significantly longer time to disappearance of rash and digestive tract symptoms (P<0.05). Compared with the conventional treatment group, the HP group had a significantly lower amount of glucocorticoid used during treatment and a significantly lower percentage of children who experienced hematuria and/or proteinuria within 6 months of the disease course (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in length of hospital stay and recurrence rates of rash and abdominal pain within 6 months of the disease course.

CONCLUSIONSHP can reduce the amount of glucocorticoid used during treatment and the incidence rate of kidney injury in children with severe abdominal HSP, possibly by eliminating IL-6, TNF-α, and MDA.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Hemoperfusion ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; blood ; Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch ; metabolism ; therapy ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood