0.05).Cmax of domestic and imported rebamipide tablet were (0.56?0.24) and (0.59?0.29)mg?L-1, with that tmax were (1.75?0.92) and (1.98?1.05)h,t1/2(?) were (1.86?1.38) and (1.93?1.45)h,AUC0～∞ were (2.48?1.06) and (2.62?1.35)mg?h?L-1. Conclusion The pharmacokinetics of the two products are similar.

Background Measurement of ciliary sulcus distance is important for phakic intraocular lens implantation.Suowei panoramic 50-MHz digital ultrasound biomicroscopy makes it possible for the direct measurement of ciliary sulcus distance.Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between anterior chamber(AC)angle diameter and ciliary sulcus distance in different AC depth population and offer a clinical guide.Methods The anterior chamber angle diameter and ciliary sulcus distance were measured in 30 right eyes with shallow anterior chamber caused by suspect glaucoma and 30 right eyes with deep anterior chamber dut to the high myopia with Suowei panoramic 50-MHz digital ultrasound biomicroscopy.Three horizontal B-scans with the focal plane approximately at a depth corresponding to the iris plane were acquired for each eye.The differences of the anterior chamber angle diameter and ciliary sulcus distance were calculated and compared between the two groups.The correlation of the anterior chamber angle diameter and ciliary sulcus distance were evaluated in respective group.Results In shallow AC group,the mean angle diameter was(11.49+0.75)mm,the mean ciliary sulcus distance was (10.97±0.86)mm with the mean standard deviation of the difference of(-5.14± 0.55)mm,showing a statistically significant difference(t =-5.092,P =0.000).In shallow AC group,linear regression analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between ciliary sulcus distance and angle diameter(R2=0.593,P=0.000)and the Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.767.In deep AC group,the angle diameter was(12.69±0.67)mm;while ciliary sulcus distance was(12.31 ± 0.61)mm with the mean slandard deviation(-0.38 ± 0.17)mm,which was statistically significantly different(t=-5.531,P=0.000).The ciliary sulcus distance was found to be linear correlation with the angle diameter(R2 =0.699,P=0.000)and Pearson' s correlation coefficient of 0.836.Conclusions Panoramic ultrasound biomicroscopy is an useful tool to the measurement of ciliary sulcus distance.This study exhibited that the ciliary sulcus distance is significant associated with the anterior chamber angle diameter,which may offer a guide for phakic intraocular lens implantation.

BackgroundGlaucoma is an optic neuropathy caused by structural damage of the optic nerve,and its early diagnosis is critical for arresting the irreversible damage of visual function. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows an early diagnosis of glaucoma by the measurements of the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber parameters. Objective This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of optic disc tomography and the measurement of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL)thickness by spectral-domain OCT on the diagnosis of glaucomatous eye. MethodsIt was a noninterventional, cross-sectionalstudy. The optic disctopographic parameters and total and regional RNFL thickness were measured by RTVue OCT in 62 normal eyes and 67 glaucomatous eyes. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve( ROC ) was used to assess the ability to differentiate glaucoma eyes from normal eyes of each testing parameter. This trial complied with the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Clinical Trial Ethic Committee of Beijing TongrenHospital. All of the participants signed the written informed consent before any medical examination. Results In the comparison of demography ,the ages of patients, the mean deficiency( MD ) and pattern standard difference( PSD ) of perimetry were obviously larger in the glaucoma group, primary open angle glaucoma ( POAG ) group and primary closure-angle glaucoma(PACG) group than those of normal controls( P＜0. 01 ). No significant differences were found in the disc area between a total glaucoma group, POAG group or PACG group and normal group ( P =0. 101,0. 741 and 0. 652, respectively) ;however, the average RNFL thickness between normal eyes and glaucomatous eyes were significantly different( 109. 758 μm versus 79. 539 μm, P＜0. 01 ). Among the eight regions around the optic disc, the thickest RNFL located at the inferotemporal( 150. 109 μm) and superotemporal( 146. 105 μm) regions in normal eyes,and at the superotemporal( 104. 354 μm) and inferotemporal( 102. 436 μm) regions in glaucomatous eyes. Both in normal and glaucomatous eyes,the thinnest RNFL located at the nasal(NU+NL) and temporal(TU + TL) regions. For optic disc topographic parameters,the highest ROC were observed in rim volume( ROC--0. 850,0. 841 and 0. 862 in total glaucoma,POAG and PACG, respectively) and vertical cup/disc ratio( ROC =0. 840,0. 849 and 0. 830 in total glaucoma,POAG and PACG,respectively), and the sensitivities for specificity cutoff set at 80％ were 73.1％ and 76. 1％ in total glaucoma,73.0％ and 81.1％ in POAG and 73.3％ and 70.0％ in PACG, respectively. For RNFL thickness ,the highest ROC was observed in average RNFL( ROC =0. 925,0. 910 and 0. 942 in total glaucoma, POAG and PACG,respectively) ,and the sensitivities for specificity cutoff set at 80％ were 89. 6％ ,89.2％ and 90. 0％ in total glaucoma,POAG and PACG, respectively. Among the eight regions around the optic disc, RNFL thickness of region IT achieved the highest ROC, RNFL thickness of region TU and TL had the lowest ROC. Conclusions RTVue OCT appears to be of fair discriminating ability in distinguishing normal from glaucomatous eyes. RTVue OCT shows promise for the diagnosis of glaucoma.

Objective:To investigate the effect of liquiritin on the apoptosis of amygdala cell and the expression of apoptosis-related factors Bax and Bcl-2 protein in rats with post-stroke depression (PSD).Methods:Sixty rats were randomly divided into normal control group, stroke group, PSD group, citalopram group, liquiritin group, and normal saline control group ( n=10 in each group). The middle cerebral artery was occluded with a suture method to induce focal cerebral ischemia, and the PSD model was established by chronic and unpredictable mild stress stimulation and orphanism. At the same time every week after the model was made, the weight of rats in each group was measured and the depression behavior was evaluated, including sucrose water test and open field test. At 6 weeks after the model was made, TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptosis of amygdala cell, immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in the amygdala, and Western blot analysis was used to detect the protein expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in the amygdala. Results:Compared with the liquiritin group, citalopram group and normal control group, the body weight and sucrose solution preference of rats in the stroke group, PSD group and normal saline control group were decreased, and the horizontal and vertical movements in open field test were decreased; the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.01). TUNEL staining results showed that compared with the liquiritin group, citalopram group and normal control group, the number of apoptotic cells was significantly increased in the stroke group, PSD group, and normal saline control group; the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.01). The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that compared with the liquiritin group, citalopram group and normal control group, the number of bcl-2 immunoreactive cells in amygdala of the stroke group, PSD group and normal saline control group was significantly decreased, while the number of Bax immunoreactive cells was significantly increased; the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.01). Western blot analysis showed that compared with the liquiritin group and citalopram group, the expression of bcl 2 protein in amygdala of the stroke group, PSD group and normal saline control group was significantly decreased, while the expression of Bax protein was significantly increased; the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.01). Conclusion:Liquiritin can alleviate the symptoms of PSD, and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting the apoptosis of amygdala cells and regulating the expression of apoptosis-related factors.

Objective:To observe the changes of protein expression of apoptosis signal pathway in prefrontal cortex of rats with post-stroke depression(PSD) after lateral ventricle injected of brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor(proBDNF).Methods:Among 55 healthy adult female SD rats, 25 rats were randomly selected as PSD group, and the other 30 rats were randomly divided into normal group ( n=10), depression group ( n=10) and stroke group ( n=10). The middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) model was established by thread occlusion in the stroke group, the chronic stress depression model in the depression group was established by the combination of chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) and the solitary feeding method.And the rats in the PSD group were established MCAO model first, then they were received CUMS stress and solitary rearing one week later so as to establish PSD model.Two weeks after the establishment of the model, 15 rats in PSD group were randomly divided into proBDNF group, rats in tPA group and NS control group.One week after buried tube of lateral ventricle, rats in tPA and proBDNF were injected into the lateral ventricle for one week.The protein expressions of c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK), p-JNK, p53, p-p53 and Bax in prefrontal cortex of rats in each group were detected by Western blot at the 4th and 8th week after modeling.SPSS 17.0 software was used for data analysis, one-way ANOVA was used for comparison between groups, and SNK- q was used for pairwise comparison. Results:The expressions of p-p53, p53, p-JNK, JNK and Bax in prefrontal cortex of normal group, depression group, stroke group and PSD group were significantly different at the end of 4th and 8th week after MCAO modeling ( F=3.426-90.355, all P<0.05). Post-hoc analysis showed that, compared with the normal group, the expressions of p-JNK (0.378±0.042) and Bax (0.478±0.054) in the prefrontal cortex of PSD rats increased significantly at the end of the 4th week(both P<0.05), and the expressions of p-JNK(0.411±0.056), p-p53 (0.286±0.083) and Bax (0.471±0.008) in the prefrontal cortex of PSD group increased significantly at the end of the 8th week(all P<0.05). After lateral ventricle injection of proBDNF, there were significant differences in the expression of p-p53, p53, p-JNK, JNK and Bax among proBDNF group, tPA group and NS group ( F=16.915-287.039, all P<0.01). Post-hoc analysis showed that, compared with NS group, the expressions of p-JNK (0.35±0.01)and p-p53 (0.31±0.01)in prefrontal cortex of proBDNF group increased significantly(both P<0.05). After lateral ventricle injection of proBDNF, there were significant differences in body weight, sucrose preference rate, horizontal movement distance among proBDNF group, tPA group and NS group ( F=18.741-76.305, all P<0.01), and compared with tPA group and NS group, behavioral indexes of proBDNF group (body weight (224.36±3.23) g, sucrose preference rate (69.83±1.72)%, horizontal movement distance (57.93±2.09) blocks, vertical movement distance (19.79±1.81)) decreased significantly(all P<0.05). Conclusion:The proBDNF promotes the activation of apoptosis signal pathway in the rats with PSD.

BACKGROUNDPhakic intraocular lens (pIOL) implantation has been a popular means for the treatment of high ametropia. Measurements of ciliary sulcus diameter is important for pIOL size determining. But till now, no perfect system can directly measure it. The present study was to evaluate the accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility of direct sulcus diameter measurements obtained by a full-scale 50-megahertz (MHz) ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM).

METHODSA fresh cadaver human eye with a scale marker inserted through the posterior chamber plane from 3 o'clock to 9 o'clock meridian and 30 randomly selected eyes from 30 normal subjects were scanned by full-scale 50-MHz UBM in horizontal meridional scan plane. The distance between the scales and the whole length of the marker inside the cadaver eye were measured by the same observer using the "built-in" measurement tools and the indicating error of instrument was calculated. Reproducibility of the measurement was evaluated in 30 eyes by 2 operators using Blander and Altman plot test. Repeatability was evaluated from 10 successive eyes randomly selected from the 30 eyes by one operator.

RESULTSOn a scale of 1 mm, the greatest indicating error was 40 microm; the mean largest indicating error of 1 mm scale from the 10 images was (26 +/- 14) microm; on a scale of 11 mm, the greatest indicating error was 70 microm; the error rate was 0.64%. The mean length of the needle inside the eye of the 10 images was 11.05 mm, with the mean indicating error of 47 microm, the average error rate was 0.43%. For ciliary sulcus diameter measurements in vivo, the coefficient of variation was 0.38%; the coefficients of repeatability for intra-observer and inter-observer measurements were 1.99% and 2.55%, respectively. The limits of agreement for intra-observer and inter-observer measurement were -0.41 mm to 0.48 mm and -0.59 mm to 0.58 mm, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe full-scale 50-MHz UBM can be a high accuracy and good repeatability means for direct measuring the ciliary sulcus diameter and useful for size determining of posterior chamber pIOL.

Ciliary Body ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Microscopy, Acoustic ; methods ; standards ; Reproducibility of Results

AIMTo study the relationship between erythrocyte filtration index (EFI) and cholesterol and Na+ -K+ -ATPase activity of erythrocyte membrane in early stage of severe burns.

METHODSThe EFI was measured by means of percolation, the erythrocyte membrane cholesterol level was measured by means of chemically modified electrode, and the membrane Na+ -K+ -ATPase activity by means of detection of Pi.

RESULTSIn early stage of severe burns, the cholesterol level and Na+ -K -ATPase activity of erythrocyte membrane were always higher than those of control group (P < 0.01), but the EFI was lower than that of control group (P < 0.01). The cholesterol level and Na+ -K+ -ATPase activity of the erythrocyte membrane were negative correlation with EFI (r cho= -0.871, r ATPase = -0.801, P < 0.01) nospectively.

CONCLUSIONThe cholesterol level and Na+ -K+ -ATPase activity of erythrocyte membrane play a key role in the change of EFI.

Adult ; Burns ; metabolism ; Case-Control Studies ; Cholesterol ; chemistry ; Erythrocyte Membrane ; chemistry ; Erythrocytes ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase ; metabolism

AIMTo study the chemical constituents from the husk of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. Repeated column chromatography on silica gel and preparative TLC were used to isolate the compounds whose structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data (ESIMS, EIMS, 1D and 2D NMR).

RESULTSA new alkaloid was isolated and identified as: 2-methyl-6-(2', 3', 4'-trihydroxybutyl)-pyrazine (I), along with nine known compounds: cleomiscosin D (II), naringenin (III), eriodictyol (IV), kaempferol (V), quercetin (VI), rutin (VII), 5,7-dihydroxychromone (VIII), tyrosol (IX), 1-O-methyl-myo-inositol (X).

CONCLUSIONCompound I is a new alkaloid, compounds II, IV, V, VII - X were isolated from this genus for the first time.

Alkaloids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Sapindaceae ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of San Baoxin on myocardial injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) and thrombogenesis in rats in vivo and ex vivo.

METHODThe experimental model was established by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 180 min. The Chandler method was used to produced ex vivo thrombosis and an electrical stimulation of common carotid artery was adopted to form in vivo thrombosis respectively, the effect of antithrombosis induced by San Baoxin was observed.

RESULTSan Baoxin significantly decreased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), obviously elevated the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increased the amount of NO of the serum simultaneously. The San Baoxin at the dosage of 10 g x kg(-1) could remarkably lengthen the OT ( P < 0.05). All San Baoxin dosages could inhibit the formation of ex vivo thrombosis.

CONCLUSIONSan Baoxin protects the myocardium from injury of ischemic and reperfusion. The protective effect of San Baoxin may be due to that it can dilate vessels, increase the activity of clearance enzyme of free radical and inhibit lipid peroxidation and the formation of ex vivo and in vivo thrombosis.

Animals ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Fibrinolytic Agents ; pharmacology ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; blood ; Myocardial Ischemia ; blood ; pathology ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; blood ; pathology ; Nitric Acid ; blood ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood ; Thrombosis ; pathology

To study the oxidative alkaline-degradation products of PQS (Panax quinquefolium saponin), two compounds were isolated from the crude product of oxidative alkaline-degradation by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and recrystallized methods. On the basis of spectroscopic analysis, their structures were established as (12R, 20S, 24R)-20, 24; 12, 24-diepoxy-24-deisopropyl-dammarane-3beta-ol (1) and (20S, 24R)-20, 24-epoxydammarane-3beta3, 12beta, 25-triol (2). Compounds 1 and 2, dammarane type triterpene with cyclization at the side chain, were obtained for the first time from alkaline-degradation products of total ginsenosides of Panax quinquefolium L., compound 1 is a new compound.
Cyclization ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Panax ; chemistry ; Sapogenins ; chemistry ; Saponins ; chemistry ; Steroids ; chemistry ; Triterpenes ; chemistry