Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin), platinum compound, is an anti-cancer agent currently used for the treatment of a number of human solid cancers. It irreversibly reacts with DNA to form an interconnection between guanine-group helices, resulting in cell death. Furthermore, it is also associated with numerous adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and ototoxicity. Hearing loss due to cisplatin ototoxicity is usually permanent and bilateral. Many studies have been conducted on the ototoxicity of cisplatin, however, its pathology and treatment have not been fully elucidated. Studies have reported that cisplatin inhibits the action of adenylate cyclase in the stria vascularis, and hearing loss occurs due to a decrease in the receptor current of the outer hair cells. In addition, it has been reported that morphological changes in the inner ear include changes in outer hair cells and abnormal findings in the supporting cells of the organ of Corti and Reissner’s membrane. Oxidative stress is known to be the main cause of ototoxicity. In addition, it has recently been suggested that inflammation may trigger inner ear cell death through autophagy, necrosis, and endogenous apoptosis. In this review, we intend to provide a basis for the prevention strategy of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by revealing its molecular targets and intracellular pathways.

Sudden hearing loss rarely presents as an initial manifestation of a hematologic disorder, although it can result from various factors. A 48-year-old male had sudden hearing loss in both ears. The pure tone audiometry and audiometry brainstem response revealed profound hearing loss in both ears. Further examination indicated an elevated leukocyte count, and a temporal bone magnetic resonance image suggested potential bleeding in the cochlear and labyrinth of both ears. Upon consultation with hematologic oncology, chronic myeloid leukemia was diagnosed. Hearing loss in leukemia patients is attributed to leukemic infiltration, hemorrhage, infection, and hyperviscosity. Following treatment using tyrosine kinase inhibitor for chronic myeloid leukemia, the leukocyte count was normalized. However, on the 90th day of treatment, both profound hearing loss persisted. We suspect that the cause of sudden hearing loss may be related to hemorrhage in both cochlear and labyrinth. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential for preventing complications.

Sudden hearing loss rarely presents as an initial manifestation of a hematologic disorder, although it can result from various factors. A 48-year-old male had sudden hearing loss in both ears. The pure tone audiometry and audiometry brainstem response revealed profound hearing loss in both ears. Further examination indicated an elevated leukocyte count, and a temporal bone magnetic resonance image suggested potential bleeding in the cochlear and labyrinth of both ears. Upon consultation with hematologic oncology, chronic myeloid leukemia was diagnosed. Hearing loss in leukemia patients is attributed to leukemic infiltration, hemorrhage, infection, and hyperviscosity. Following treatment using tyrosine kinase inhibitor for chronic myeloid leukemia, the leukocyte count was normalized. However, on the 90th day of treatment, both profound hearing loss persisted. We suspect that the cause of sudden hearing loss may be related to hemorrhage in both cochlear and labyrinth. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential for preventing complications.

Sudden hearing loss rarely presents as an initial manifestation of a hematologic disorder, although it can result from various factors. A 48-year-old male had sudden hearing loss in both ears. The pure tone audiometry and audiometry brainstem response revealed profound hearing loss in both ears. Further examination indicated an elevated leukocyte count, and a temporal bone magnetic resonance image suggested potential bleeding in the cochlear and labyrinth of both ears. Upon consultation with hematologic oncology, chronic myeloid leukemia was diagnosed. Hearing loss in leukemia patients is attributed to leukemic infiltration, hemorrhage, infection, and hyperviscosity. Following treatment using tyrosine kinase inhibitor for chronic myeloid leukemia, the leukocyte count was normalized. However, on the 90th day of treatment, both profound hearing loss persisted. We suspect that the cause of sudden hearing loss may be related to hemorrhage in both cochlear and labyrinth. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential for preventing complications.

Sudden hearing loss rarely presents as an initial manifestation of a hematologic disorder, although it can result from various factors. A 48-year-old male had sudden hearing loss in both ears. The pure tone audiometry and audiometry brainstem response revealed profound hearing loss in both ears. Further examination indicated an elevated leukocyte count, and a temporal bone magnetic resonance image suggested potential bleeding in the cochlear and labyrinth of both ears. Upon consultation with hematologic oncology, chronic myeloid leukemia was diagnosed. Hearing loss in leukemia patients is attributed to leukemic infiltration, hemorrhage, infection, and hyperviscosity. Following treatment using tyrosine kinase inhibitor for chronic myeloid leukemia, the leukocyte count was normalized. However, on the 90th day of treatment, both profound hearing loss persisted. We suspect that the cause of sudden hearing loss may be related to hemorrhage in both cochlear and labyrinth. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential for preventing complications.

Sudden hearing loss rarely presents as an initial manifestation of a hematologic disorder, although it can result from various factors. A 48-year-old male had sudden hearing loss in both ears. The pure tone audiometry and audiometry brainstem response revealed profound hearing loss in both ears. Further examination indicated an elevated leukocyte count, and a temporal bone magnetic resonance image suggested potential bleeding in the cochlear and labyrinth of both ears. Upon consultation with hematologic oncology, chronic myeloid leukemia was diagnosed. Hearing loss in leukemia patients is attributed to leukemic infiltration, hemorrhage, infection, and hyperviscosity. Following treatment using tyrosine kinase inhibitor for chronic myeloid leukemia, the leukocyte count was normalized. However, on the 90th day of treatment, both profound hearing loss persisted. We suspect that the cause of sudden hearing loss may be related to hemorrhage in both cochlear and labyrinth. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential for preventing complications.

Subjective tinnitus can be defined as sound sensations (ringing or roaring) occurring in the absence of external auditory stimulus. It is one of the most widespread disorders of auditory system that might be caused by the peripheral auditory injury and insults to somatosensory levels. There were some theories in pathophysiology of tinnitus, such as change in biochemical systems, discordant dysfunction, and spontaneous hyperactivity of auditory tract or imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory transmitter actions of central auditory tracts. Theories related to neural plasticity and cortical reorganization have been recently introduced. Current understanding of pathophysiology in tinnitus is essential to therapeutic approaches. Although there were many studies addressing pathophysiology of tinnitus, controversies exist regarding the pathophysiology of tinnitus. The aim of this review was to review and summarize the recent studies related to pathophysiology of tinnitus.
Plastics ; Sensation ; Tinnitus*

In this comprehensive review, we discuss recent updates on tinnitus evaluation and treatment. Tinnitus evaluation commences with comprehensive medical history taking and audiological evaluation, which can provide valuable insight into the nature and extent of auditory disturbances. Additionally, tinnitus evaluation includes investigation of psychosomatic comorbidities to determine the intricate interplay between psychological factors and tinnitus perception. Various therapeutic approaches are available to minimize the burden of tinnitus. Cognitive behavioral therapy reshapes negative thought patterns and behaviors that are closely associated with tinnitus-induced distress. Acceptance and commitment therapy fosters mindfulness and value-aligned actions to address emotional effects. Tinnitus retraining therapy combines counseling and sound therapy for habituation. Tailor-made notched music therapy offers customized auditory experiences for symptom relief. Hearing aids and cochlear implants compensate for hearing loss and associated stress. Both neuromodulation and neurofeedback may be potentially useful. The role of pharmacotherapy and dietary supplements remains uncertain. Physiotherapy and head-neck manipulation relieve tinnitus associated with orofacial factors. Virtual reality, smartphone applications, and photobiomodulation may serve as novel therapeutic avenues. Although promising interventions are available, further research is warranted to confirm their effectiveness and long-term effects.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical association between cadmium exposure and hearing impairment among the Korean population.METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study used the data obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for our study. Finally, 3,228 participants were included in our study, which were then divided into quartiles based on their blood cadmium levels: first quartile (1Q), second quartile (2Q), third quartile (3Q), and fourth quartile (4Q) groups. The hearing thresholds were measured using an automatic audiometer at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 kHz. Hearing loss (HL) was defined as >25 dB average hearing threshold (AHT).RESULTS: All the groups had 807 participants each. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of cadmium level for HL were 0.634 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.621–0.646). The participants in the 4Q group had higher Low/Mid-Freq, High-Freq, and AHT values than those in the other groups in the multivariate analysis after adjusting for confounding factors. The logistic regression showed that the OR for HL per 1 µg/L increase in cadmium was 1.25 (95% CI, 1.09–1.44; p=0.002) on the multivariate analysis. Moreover, the multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that the participants in the 4Q group exhibited a 1.59-, 1.38-, and 1.41-fold higher odds for HL than those in the 1Q, 2Q, and 3Q groups, respectively.CONCLUSION: High cadmium level quartile was associated with increased hearing thresholds and HL among the Korean adult population.
Adult ; Cadmium ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Hearing Loss ; Hearing ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Metals, Heavy ; Multivariate Analysis ; Nutrition Surveys ; Retrospective Studies ; ROC Curve

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical association between cadmium exposure and hearing impairment among the Korean population. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study used the data obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for our study. Finally, 3,228 participants were included in our study, which were then divided into quartiles based on their blood cadmium levels: first quartile (1Q), second quartile (2Q), third quartile (3Q), and fourth quartile (4Q) groups. The hearing thresholds were measured using an automatic audiometer at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 kHz. Hearing loss (HL) was defined as >25 dB average hearing threshold (AHT). RESULTS: All the groups had 807 participants each. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of cadmium level for HL were 0.634 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.621–0.646). The participants in the 4Q group had higher Low/Mid-Freq, High-Freq, and AHT values than those in the other groups in the multivariate analysis after adjusting for confounding factors. The logistic regression showed that the OR for HL per 1 µg/L increase in cadmium was 1.25 (95% CI, 1.09–1.44; p=0.002) on the multivariate analysis. Moreover, the multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that the participants in the 4Q group exhibited a 1.59-, 1.38-, and 1.41-fold higher odds for HL than those in the 1Q, 2Q, and 3Q groups, respectively. CONCLUSION High cadmium level quartile was associated with increased hearing thresholds and HL among the Korean adult population.