The present case report describes an unusual variant of a missing medial tarsal artery (MTA) being replaced by the anterior medial malleolar artery (AMMA). The dorsalis pedis artery (DPA) did not give off any branches to the medial foot. The DPA coursed downward in the foot along with the superficial fibular nerve on the foot dorsum at the lateral side of the first metatarsal bone before entering the sole. In the medial malleolus, the AMMA arose from the anterior tibial artery and then ramified several branches, one of which descended to the medial talus. Thus, the possibility of a missing MTA being replaced by the AMMA should be considered by surgeons and radiologists when various surgeries are performed in the medial tarsal area.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the mediating effects of communication skills and pediatric nurse-parent partnership on the relationship between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction among pediatric nurses. Methods: A survey was administered to 205 pediatric nurses working in children’s, general, and tertiary hospitals situated in Chungcheong province and Seoul. Data were collected in August and September 2022. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 26.0 along with the PROCESS macro program. Results: Emotional intelligence had a significant effect, and was a critical factor affecting the job satisfaction of pediatric nurses. Furthermore, communication skills and nurse-parent partnership had a serial double mediating effect. Conclusion These findings underscore the significance of conducting job satisfaction improvement programs, including strategies for augmenting emotional intelligence, bolstering communication skills, and fostering nurse-parent partnership.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between nutrient intakes and blood parameters of cardiovascular function in 40 female college students on self-selected diet in Chungnam. Anthropometric measurements, analysis of dietary intakes and blood composition were conducted. Serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, CK-MB, and LDH were measured by biochemical analyzer. The results were summarized as follows. The mean age of the subjects was 22.5+/-7.2 years. The weight, height and BMI were 52.4+/-7.2kg, 161.3+/-5.7cm and 20.2+/-2.4, respectively. Daily energy and lipid intakes were 1634.2+/-437.7kcal and 46.8+/-17.0g. And the ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid to energy intake was 59.2 : 14.5 : 26.3. Serum concentrations appeared to be 61.1+/-24.2mg/dl(triglyceride), 141.2+/-33.0mg/dl(total cholesterol), 64.8+/-20.1mg/dl(HDL-cholesterol), 64.1+/-25.4mg/dl(LDL-cholesterol), 7.2+/-3.2IU/iota (CK-MB), 107.9+/-23.4IU/iota (LDH). In the relation between nutrient intakes and serum parameters, vitamin B1 intake showed positive correlation with triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, and CK-MB, respectively(p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.05). Vitamin B2 intake had positive correlation with triglyceride(p<0.05). And vitamin C intake had negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol(p<0.05). From these results, it is suggested that the intakes of micro nutrients such as vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C have relation with cardiovascular function in female college students. However, further systematic research is needed to investigate the functions of micro nutrients in healthy persons for prevention of chronic diseases.
Ascorbic Acid ; Cholesterol ; Chronic Disease ; Chungcheongnam-do* ; Diet ; Energy Intake ; Female* ; Humans ; Riboflavin ; Thiamine ; Triglycerides

Osteoporosis and other related conditions pose a growing public health problem, especially in postmenopausal women. The main purpose of the study was to investigate the correlations among BMD, maternal factors, and life styles, and intake of nutrients in postmenopausal women. One hundred participants in Kyungge-do were divided into three groups according to their BMD measurements measured by DXA. Dietary analysis, anthropometric measurements, and questionares were administered to these women. The percentage of the osteoporosis, osteopenia(Osteopinia), and normal groups were 32%, 48%, and 20% respectively. The average age was significantly the highest in the osteoporosis group. The average age at menopause was 47.2. Osteoporosis group's age at menopause was significantly the lowest. The sleeping hours of the osteoporosis and osteopenia group were significantly longer than the normal group. The intake of vitamin B2 was positively correlated with the BMD of femoral neck. The BMD of these two sites was positively correlated with weight, BMI, waist, and hip size and negatively correlated with the length of the menstrual cycle, duration after menopause, the age at the last delivery, and sleeping hours. Spinal BMD positively correlated with hours of outdoor activity. Therefore, maternal factors, lifestyles, and intake of nutrients contribute to BMD.
Bone Diseases, Metabolic ; Female ; Femur Neck ; Hip ; Humans ; Life Style* ; Menopause ; Menstrual Cycle ; Nutritional Status* ; Osteoporosis ; Public Health ; Riboflavin

An accurate assessment of the recommended calcium (Ca) intake may contribute to reducing the risk of fractures and chronic diseases, ultimately improving quality of life.This review was performed to summarize key findings of Ca studies, investigate the effect of Ca intake on health outcomes, and determine the adequacy of evidence to revise the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) for Ca in 2020. Databases were searched for intervention studies that assessed health outcomes by providing Ca in diets or as supplements. The framework of the systematic review comprised conducting literature searches, data extraction, quality assessment of the literature, and summarizing key findings relevant to set the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for Ca for the 2020 KDRI. The final search was performed in June 2019. A total of 13,309 studies were identified through databases and manual search. Sixtyfive studies were included in the final quality assessment and were summarized according to health indicators. As bone health was used as an indicator of the EAR for Ca, literature reports on bone health were further categorized by the life-cycle stage of the participants. This systematic review did not find new evidence that could be applied to the general Korean adult population, including postmenopausal women, for defining a new EAR for Ca in the 2020 KDRIs. Evidence in most of the reviewed literature was considered weak; however, some evidence was found that could improve the criteria on how the EAR for Ca was determined in children and adolescents. A review of the literature for the 2020 KDRIs for Ca did not find strong evidence in order to change the recommended values of the 2015 KDRIs. More clinical interventions are required among Koreans to strengthen the body of evidence to warrant the revision of the KDRIs.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the preliminary effects of school-based short term mental health awareness and school bullying prevention programs. METHODS: From April to December 2013, the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Promotion team of Seoul National Hospital conducted school-based short term social skill training (N=56, 4 sessions), mental health awareness (N=84, 4 sessions) and school bullying prevention programs (N=171, 1 session) in elementary and junior high schools located in Seoul. The changes in the subjects before and after the program were assessed. RESULTS: The a social skills training program improved the 'helping' behaviors in boys (t=-2.355, p<.05) and 'sharing' (t=-3.223, p<.01), 'cooperation' (t=-2.235, p<.05), and 'comforting' (t=-2.830, p<.01) behaviors in girls, assessed using the Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire. The mental health awareness program improved 'general health awareness' (t=2.620, p<.05), measured using the Korean General Health Questionnaire. The school bullying prevention program resulted in decreased 'self esteem' (t=3.769, p<.01), measured using the Self Esteem Scale and decreased 'anger' (t=4.198, p<.01), assessed using the Novaco Anger Scale. CONCLUSION: The results of our preliminary analysis suggest that school-based mental health awareness and school bullying prevention programs may be effective even when conducted for a short term. Future investigation is necessary in order to validate the long term effects of these programs.
Adolescent ; Anger ; Bullying* ; Child ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Mental Health* ; Self Concept ; Seoul ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: "Internet-addiction" came into common use not only in clinical setting but also in everyday life. But, pathophysiology and diagnostic criteria of the internet addiction remain unknown. Because adolescents are in developing period, they might be vulnerable to the internet addiction, depression and sleep-related problem. The objectives of this study were to investigate the characteristics of internet addiction and its association with sleep pattern and depression in Korean adolescence. METHODS: Subjects were 799 middle and high school students in Seoul, Korea. We administered a self-reported questionnaire including socio-demographic data, Korean versions of Young's Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies for Depression Scale (CES-D) and questions about internet using patterns. Data of 696 subjects were included in analysis. Chi-square tests were used to analyze proportional differences, and ANOVA with post-hoc tests were used to analyze differences among groups. Partial correlation analyses were performed to analyze the correlation of internet addiction with other variables (two-tailed, p<0.05). RESULTS: Of the 696 participants (grade 2 of middle school;M2 135 vs. grade 1 of high school;H1 238 vs. grade 2 of high school;H2 323), 2.0% (n=14) were internet-addicted (IA), 27.7% (n=193) were over-using (OU) and 70.3% (n=489) were not-addicted (NA). The mean scores of YIAS, PSQI and CES-D scores were 35.24+/-12.78, 5.53+/-3.04 and 16.72+/-8.69, respectively. In higher grade students, average total sleep time was shorter (M2 426.20+/-67.68 min. vs. H1 380.47+/-62.57 min. vs. H2 354.67+/-73.37 min., F=51.909, p<0.001), and PSQI (4.69+/-3.14 vs. 5.42+/-3.15 vs. 5.97+/-2.83, F=8.871, p<0.001) CES-D (13.53+/-8.37 vs. 16.96+/-8.24 vs. 17.87+/-8.84, F=12.373, p<0.001) scores were higher than those of lower grade students. Comparing variables among IA, OU and NA groups, computer using time not for study (96.36+/-63.31 min. vs. 134.92+/-86.79 min. vs. 213.57+/-136.87 min., F=34.287, p<0.001) and portable device using time not for study (84.22+/-79.11 min. vs. 96.97+/-91.89 min. vs. 152.31+/- 93.64 min., F=5.400, p=0.005) were different among groups. PSQI (5.26+/-2.97 vs. 6.08+/-2.97 vs. 7.50+/-4.41, F=8.218, p<0.001) and CES-D scores (15.40+/-8.08 vs. 19.05+/-8.42 vs. 30.43+/-13.69, F=32.692, p<0.001) were also different among groups. YIAS score were correlated with computer using time not for study (r=0.356, p<0.001) and portable device using time not for study (r=0.136, p<0.001). PSQI score (r=0.237, p<0.001) and CES-D score (r=0.332, p<0.001). YIAS score and PSQI score (r=0.131, p=0.001), YIAS and CES-D score (r=0.265, p<0.001), PSQI score and CES-D score (r=0.357, p<0.001) were correlated each other. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that adolescents' internet-addiction was correlated with not only computer and portable device using time not for study but also depression and sleep-related problems. We should pay attention to depression and sleep-related problems, when evaluating internet-addiction in adolescents.
Adolescent ; Depression ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Internet ; Korea ; Porphyrins ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The purpose of this study was to evaluate on nutrient intake status and diet quality of middle and old aged vegetarian women in Korea. The research group was composed of vegetarian women (n = 91), all of them were Seven Day Adventists, who had been on vegetarian diets, over 20 yrs. Their anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes, and diet quality indices were compared to omnivores (n = 122). The average age of vegetarians and omnivores were 61.8 yrs and 60.3 yrs, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes of vegetarians and omnivores were 1428.8 kcal and 1424.5 kcal, respectively and there was no significant difference. The vegetarians consumed significantly lower intakes of protein (p<0.05), zinc (p<0.001) and vitamin B2 (p<0.05) compared to omnivores. In the diet quality, zinc and vitamin B2 nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of vegetarians were significantly lower than those of omnivores. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of vegetarians and omnivores were 0.80 and 0.77, respectively and there was no significant difference. The KDDS (Korean's Dietary Diversity Score) of vegetarians and omnivores were 3.7 and 4.0, respectively, and there was significant difference (p<0.01). The KDQI (Korean's Diet Quality Index) of vegetarians (1.5) was significantly lower than that (2.1) of omnivores (p<0.001). In conclusion, vegetarian women have low intake status of protein, zinc and vitamin B2, and partly low diet quality. Therefore it was needed that well planed diets to replace the nutrients supplied from excluded food groups in middle and old aged vegetarian women.
Diet* ; Diet, Vegetarian ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Riboflavin ; Zinc

Although intravesical instillation of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the most successful cancer immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer, the serious side effects are frequently arisen by using live mycobacteria. To allow less toxic and more potent immunotherapeutic agents following intravesical BCG treatment for superficial bladder cancer, noninfectious immunotherapeutic drug instead of live BCG would be highly desirable. Recently, immune-enhancing adjuvants are considered an effective vaccine immunotherapy for cancer, providing enhanced antitumor effects and boosted immunity. The BCG-cell wall skeleton (BCG-CWS), the main immune active center of BCG, is a potent candidate as a noninfectious immunotherapeutic drug instead of live BCG against bladder cancer. However, the most limited application for anticancer therapy, it is difficult to formulate a water-soluble BCG-CWS due to the aggregation of BCG-CWS in both aqueous and nonaqueous solvents. To overcome the insolubility and improve the internalization of BCG-CWS into bladder cancer cells, it should be developed the lipid nanoparticulation of BCG-CWS, resulting in improved dispensability, stability, and small size. In addition, powerful technology of delivery systems should be applied to enhance the internalization of BCG-CWS, such as encapsulated into lipid nanoparticles using novel packaging methods. Here, we describe the progress in research on effects of BCG-CWS for cancer immunotherapy, development of lipid-based solvent, and packaging method using nanoparticles with drug delivery system.
Administration, Intravesical ; Bacillus ; Cell Wall Skeleton ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Immunotherapy ; Methods ; Mycobacterium bovis ; Nanoparticles ; Product Packaging ; Skeleton ; Solvents ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Urinary Bladder

Primary central nervous system T-cell lymphoma (PCNSTL) is an extremely rare type of brain tumor. There are only few reports on the imaging findings of patients with PCNSTL. Herein, we report the imaging findings of a patient with peripheral T-cell lymphoma-not otherwise specified that presented with numerous small nodular and patchy strongly enhancing lesions on MRI.