Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of early neuroimaging in patients with acute isolated 3rd, 4th, and 6th nerve palsy. Methods: Neuroimaging tests were performed in patients >50 years old with acute isolated 3rd, 4th, and 6th nerve palsy. The frequencies and types of abnormal findings were evaluated. All patients were divided into ischemic and non-ischemic groups and differences in clinical characteristics between groups were analyzed. Results: Of the 55 patients, nine (16.4%) had abnormal findings on brain imaging. Among 26 patients with 6th nerve palsy, four (15.4%) were found to have a cause including brain tumor, cerebrovascular compression, carotid cavernous fistula. Superior oblique muscle atrophy was found in two of 19 patients (10.5%) with 4th nerve palsy. Three of 10 patients (30%) with 3rd nerve palsy had abnormal findings and there were cases of pituitary apoplexy, posterior communicating, and cerebrovascular compression. Conclusions In patients with acute isolated oculomotor paralysis, early neuroimaging tests play an important role in differential diagnosis and evaluation of causes that may lead to mortality.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of end-of-life care competency; knowledge, attitudes, and experiences regarding advance directives; perceptions of good death; and end-of-life care obstacles and supportive behaviors among tertiary care nurses. Methods: The participants were 150 nurses at a tertiary hospital in Jinju, Korea.The data collected using a questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression in SPSS for Windows version 24.0. Results: The mean (±SD) score of end-of-life care competency was 3.63 (±0.53) on a 5-point scale. A significant difference in end-of-life care competency was found according to whether nurses had experienced the death of a family member or acquaintance (P=0.029). According to stepwise multiple regression analysis, the factors affecting end-of-life care competency were the frequency of end-of-life care supportive behaviors (β=0.38, P＜0.001), experience with advance directives (β=0.29, P＜0.001), and marriage (β=0.15, P=0.039). This model had an explanatory power of 27.9% (F=18.87, P ＜0.001). Conclusion In order to improve nurses’ end-of-life care competency, it is im-portant to strengthen end-of-life care supportive behaviors by exposing nurses to those behaviors and providing frequent experience with advance directives.

BACKGROUND: The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) are variable; images range from having a normal appearance, to showing ischemic lesions, demyelination, or vasogenic edema. CASE REPORT: A 57-year-old woman presented with a sudden onset of dysarthria and dizziness. Routine blood tests were normal and the MRI was unremarkable. After admission, she developed aphasic seizures and myoclonus, and eventually became comatose. A follow up MRI showed diffuse high signal intensities at the bilateral cerebral white matter on fluid attenuated inversion recovery imaging. The serum titers of the anti-thyroglobulin antibody and anti-thyroperoxidase antibody were increased. After 5 days of 1,000 mg/day of intravenous methylprednisolone infusion, she recovered rapidly. CONCLUSION: We propose that repeated brain MRIs are necessary for the diagnosis of HE. Diffuse leukoencephalopathy may be a pathologic finding on MRI and, in this case study, was shown to be reversible after applying an appropriate treatment.
Brain ; Brain Diseases ; Coma ; Demyelinating Diseases ; Diagnosis ; Dizziness ; Dysarthria ; Edema ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hashimoto Disease ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Leukoencephalopathies ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Methylprednisolone ; Middle Aged ; Myoclonus ; Seizures ; White Matter

BACKGROUND: Herpes zoster of the head and neck commonly presents with Ramsay Hunt syndrome. However, vesicular eruptions may occur on the pharyngeal or laryngeal area with multiple lower cranial-nerve (CN) palsy. CASE REPORT: We report on the case of a 54-year-old man with herpes zoster of the pharynx and larynx with multiple CN palsy and persistent hiccups. He initially developed progressive dysphagia, hoarseness, and persistent hiccups (CN IX and X). After admission, Dizziness, hearing impairment, and peripheral facial palsy (CN VII and VIII) were complicated. The results of a polymerase chain reaction test of saliva and vesicular fluid from the ear and throat were strongly positive for varicella zoster virus. The progression of CN palsy was in an ascending sequence. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the sequence of CN palsy may be either ascending or descending, depending on the initial site of involvement.
Cranial Nerve Diseases ; Cranial Nerves ; Deglutition Disorders ; Dizziness ; Ear ; Facial Paralysis ; Head ; Hearing Loss ; Herpes Zoster Oticus ; Herpes Zoster ; Herpesvirus 3, Human ; Hiccup ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Laryngitis ; Larynx ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; Paralysis ; Pharynx ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Saliva

Purpose: To report two cases of adult inclusion conjunctivitis masquerading as chronic conjunctivitis.Case summary: (Case 1) A 34-year-old man presented with a foreign body sensation in his right eye for 2 months. At the first visit, slit lamp examination showed follicles on the inferior palpebral conjunctiva. Chlamydia trachomatis immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were positive. The patient was prescribed doxycycline for 1 week, which improved the symptoms, followed by gentamicin and levofloxacin for an additional 5 days, which further improved the clinical symptoms and conjunctivitis. (Case 2) A 39-year-old man presented with right eye pain and redness for 5 months. At the first visit, slit lamp examination showed follicles on the inferior palpebral conjunctiva. Chlamydia trachomatis IgM antibody and PCR tests were positive. After 1 week of doxycycline treatment, the clinical symptoms and conjunctivitis improved. Conclusions Because adult inclusion conjunctivitis caused by chlamydial infection has non-specific symptoms, it can be misdiagnosed as chronic conjunctivitis. A detailed medical history and appropriate diagnostic tests are necessary to make this diagnosis.

Purpose: To report a case of keratitis caused by Brevundimonas diminuta/vesicularis.Case summary: A 20-year-old man presented with decreased visual acuity and glare in his right eye from 2 days earlier. At the first visit, slit lamp examination revealed a 1.5 × 1.5 mm2-sized stromal infiltration, an edematous cornea and endothelial deposits in the center of the right eye. Microbiological examinations were performed from corneal scrapings. Treatment was started with topical eye drops (fortified cefazolin, fortified tobramycin) as empirical antibiotics. After several days, the cultures revealed Brevundimonas diminuta/vesicularis. After treatment with empirical antibiotic eye drops, the symptoms and visual acuity improved. Conclusions We report a case of infectious keratitis caused by Brevundimonas diminuta/vesicularis, which has never previously been reported in the Republic of Korea.

Background: The medial temporal region is the earliest affected structure in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and its atrophy is known as the hallmark of AD. This study aimed to investigate the value of medial temporal atrophy (MTA) for detecting 18F-florbetaben positron emission tomography (PET)-proven AD pathology. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 265 subjects complaining of cognitive decline at a dementia outpatient clinic from March 2015 to December 2017. All subjects underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET, and 18F-florbetaben PET at baseline. We performed multivariable logistic regression analyses on variables including age, sex, years of education, white matter hyperintensities, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, and memory composite scores in various combinations to investigate whether MTA was indicative of underlying AD pathology. Results: Our sample population of 265 patients comprised 121 with AD-related cognitive impairment, 42 with Lewy bodies-related cognitive impairment, 32 with vascular cognitive impairment, and 70 with other or undetermined pathologies. In the multivariable logistic regression analyses, MTA was not an independent predictor of underlying AD pathology (P>0.200). The predictive power of underlying AD-related cognitive impairment significantly increased when multiple variables including APOE genotype and memory composite scores were considered together (area under the curve >0.750). Conclusion Our results suggest that MTA alone may be insufficient to accurately predict the presence of AD pathology. It is necessary to comprehensively consider various other factors such as APOE genotype and a detailed memory function to determine whether the patient is at high risk of AD.

No abstract available.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome ; Limbic Encephalitis ; Neurosyphilis

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise in patients with hemophilia. Methods: We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis guidelines. A literature search was conducted of published randomized controlled trials for exercise interventions from January 1, 2014 to March 15, 2023. To estimate the size of the effects of exercise, a meta-analysis was performed using the R package “meta.” Results: Five databases were searched to obtain articles published in Korean or English. Of 1,150 articles reviewed, 13 were included in the systematic review and 9 in the meta-analysis. The risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2.0. Results: The overall effect sizes of exercise interventions, calculated as the standardized mean difference, were -0.11 (95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.41 to –1.20) for pain, -2.13 (95% CI = -3.33 to -0.93) for joint health, 9.96 (95% CI = 7.51 to 12.28) for physical activity, and 0.59 (95% CI = -0.39 to -1.56) for quality of life. Conclusion These findings suggest that exercise is useful for improving the joint health and physical activity of patients with hemophilia. Thus, it is necessary to develop and apply exercise interventions for patients with hemophilia to reduce their pain and improve their quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). METHODS: 20 participants with high-functioning autism (HFA) and 99 normal participants were recruited. All participants were completed the AQ and Empathy Quotient (EQ), and parents of the HFA group completed the parent-report AQ. For testing the reliability, we examined Cronbach’s alpha, performed item analysis, and compared self versus parent report score of HFA participants. For testing the validity, we compared the difference of the score of AQ among HFA and control group using independent t-tests, and performed correlation analysis between AQ and EQ. The receiver operation characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine a cut-off. RESULTS: The Korean version of the AQ exhibited adequate internal consistency, and in most items, the HFA group scored higher in comparison to the control group. It was demonstrated that AQ has good discriminant validity through the confirmation of the significant difference in the AQ score between two groups. The concurrent validity was established through the significant correlation between AQ and EQ in the HFA group. The best estimate cut-off score of AQ for screening was 23. CONCLUSION: The Korean version of the AQ was determined as a reliable and valid instrument to assess HFA in Korean population.
Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Autistic Disorder ; Empathy ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Parents ; Reproducibility of Results*