BACKGROUND: Alienation is derived from dissimilation in philosophy.It is practically defined as the subjective state of individuals who develop negative feelings such as social isolation, uncontrollable and meaningless sense, oppression, and self-alienation because they are alien to others, the.society, nature and themselves, and even feel controlled.OBJECTIVE: To investigate alienation from psychological perspective,aiming to construct and verify the theoretical hypothesis of alienation,thereby working out alienation scale for adolescent students.DESIGN: Cross-sectional investigation.SETTING:National Key Research Center of Basic Psychology and National Key Liberal Arts of Southwest Normal University.PARTICIPANTS: The investigation was carried out from March to June 2000. The method of cohort stratified random sampling was adopted and the questionnaire was administered to adolescent students in Chongqing City and Lanzhou City. Inclusion criteria: volunteer students of grade one in junior high school to grade four in colleges. Exclusion criteria: Those who had incomplete data or had differences of more than 6 points in the total scores for three matched lie-testing questions in the questionnaire. A total of 1502 pieces of questionnaire were collected (including 1 066 questionnaires used for exploratory factor analysis and 436 questionnaires for verifying factor analysis); the age of the students covered the whole range of adolescence, and the boy-to-girl ratio in each grade was matched.METHODS:We combined literature analysis, investigation research and interview. The details are as follows: First, theoretical hypothesis was put forward based on literature analysis; then related variances were collected through interviews and open questionnaires, which were compared with the items in scales used home and abroad at present so as to work out predicting questions for adolescence alienation questionnaire. Finally, 52 items were screened out and used to construct the preliminary questionnaire. The formal alienation scale was made after standardized designation of behavioral variances, and verified for alienation analysis in adolescent students.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Behavioral apparent variances were collected based on interviews and open questionnaires, and used as psychological potential variances after statistical processing.RESULTS:Data of 1502 pieces of questionnaire were analyzed.① The correlation coefficient of each item in the scale was over 0.35. ② The correlation coefficient of each item with the dimension was over 0.30, with statistical significance(P ＜ 0.01). ③ The reliability coefficient of each item was over 0.39 with great significance(P ＜ 0.01). ④ Alienation was displayed in three dimensions: social alienation, interpersonal alienation and surrounding alienation, which were associated with the correspondingdimensions of related scales (P ＜ 0.05-0.01). ⑤Alienation could be divided into 9 levels: sense of meaninglessness, sense of self alienation, isolation, nature alienation, parent alienation, environmental alienation, sense of uncontrollability and social alienation. Parameters that accorded with the theoretical hypothesis and used for verifying analysis were proved rational.Based on the analysis of the 9 first-rank factors, second-rank structural model of 3 unrelated factors were obtained using main component analysis and the maximum variance cross rotation with the optimal coefficients of simulated parameters of: X2/df=4.87;GFI=0.94;A GFI=0.90;RMR=0.0S;NFI=0.93;NNFI=0.92;CFI=0.95;IFI=0.95.CONCLUSION: Alienation scale has been proved to be reliable and valid. It can be used to assess alienation in adolescent students and has potential value of application in healthy psychological development and psychological education.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for determining the content of paeoniflorin in Xiaohe syrup. METHODS:HPLC method was adopted. The Waters SunFire C18 column was used with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid(12∶88, V/V)at the flow rate of 1.2 ml/min;the detection wavelength was 230 nm with column temperature at 30℃. Sample size was 10μl . R E-SULTS:There was a good linear relationship between the amount of paeoniflorin and peak area in the range of 0.061 0-1 . 2 2 0 8 μg (r=0.999 9). The RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all less than 2% and the average recovery was 98.77%(RSD=1.09%,n=6). CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,rapid and accurate and can be used for the content deter-mination of paeoniflorin in Xiaohe Syrup.

Objective To evaluate the current sanitary situation of the rural household latrine and the effects of decontamination of the feces in some epidemic areas of schistosome in Hubei province.Methods Six villages(4 villages with the sanitary latrines,2 villages with the non-sanitary latrines) were chosen for the investigation and 30 latrines were selected randomly in each village in September of 2007.The structure of the latrine and the situation of the faecal treatment were investigated by questionnaires.At the same time,the feces samples were collected and detected according to the related sanitary standards.Results The rate of the sanitary latrines without maggots,pupas and flies was 95%,while the rate of the non-sanitary latrines with the same situation was 33.33%.After non-hazardous treatment in the three-case-cesspool and the firedamp latrines,the qualified rates of the roundworm eggs were 95.6% and 98.6% respectively;the qualified rates of fecal coliform were both 100%;no schistosome eggs,the alive schistosome eggs and the alive roundworm eggs were detected.The morbidity rate of schistosomiasis of the villages with the sanitary latrines was 43.7%,lower than those with the non-sanitary latrines.Conclusion The faecal treatment of the rural household latrine in epidemic areas of schistosome can improve the sanitation and kill the pathogens in faeces effectively,and also can decrease the morbidity rate of schistosomiasis obviously.

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has been increasingly used in the treatment of early-stage NSCLC,especially for patients who cannot undergo surgery.Compared with other imaging modalities,PET/CT has higher sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis and staging of NSCLC as well as higher prediction value for prognosis.The progress of 18F-FDG PET/CT in evaluation of the therapeutic response and prognosis after SBRT for early-stage NSCLC is summarized in this review.

Objective To investigate ff the γ-H12AX foci is a precise index for the DSB formation and repair in mature neurons of brain in vivo after clinically relevant doses irradiation. Methods For the DSB formation experiment, the mature neurons in the neocortex of brain tissue of C57BL/6 mice were analyzed at 10 rain after whole-body irradiation with 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 Gy. For the DSB repair kinetics experiment, the mature neurons in the neocortex of brain tissue of repair-proficient (C57BL/6 mice) and repair-deficient mouse strains (BALB/c, A-T and SCID mice) were analyzed at 0.5, 2.5, 5, 24 and 48 h after whole-body irradiation with 2 Gy. The mature neurons in the neocortex of brain tissue of sham-irradiated mice of each strain served as controls. γ-H2AX immunohistochemistry and γ-H2AX and NeuN double immunofluorescence analysis was used to measure DSBs formation and repair in the mature neurons in the neocortex of brain tissue of the different mouse strains. Results For the DSB formation experiment, γ-H2AX foci levels with a clear linear dose correlation and very low backgrounds in the nuclei in the neocortex of brain tissue were observed. Scoring the loss of γ-H12AX foci allowed us to verify the different, genetically determined DSB repair deficiencies, including the minor impairment of BALB/c mice. Repair-proficient C57BL/6 mice exhibited the fastest decrease in foei number with time, and displayed low levels of residual damage at 24 h and 48 h post-irradiation. In contrast, SCID mice showed highly increased γ-H2AX foci levels at all repair times (0.5 h to 48 h) while A-T mice exhibited a lesser defect which was most significant at later repair times (≥ 5 h). Radiosensitive BALB/c mice exhibited slighdy elevated foei numbers compared with C57BI./6 mice at 5 h and 24 h but not at 48 h post-irradiation. Conclusion Quantifying the γ-H2AX loci in normal tissue represents a sensitive tool for the detection of induction and repair of radiation-induced DSBs at clinically relevant doses in vivo.

Objective To explore the relationship between the expression of thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2), the changes of MVD and angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods By using SP immunohistochemical staining, the expression of TSP-2 and microvessel counting were evaluated in surgically resected specimens from 55 patients with NSCLC and 30 patients' pancancerous tissues, using the anti-TSP-2 and anti-CD34 monoclonal antibodies respectively. Results Active angiogenesis took place in NSCLC tumor tissues. Microvessel density (MVD) was associated with metastasis and clinical stage of NSCLC. Expression level of TSP-2 in the tumor tissues of 55 NSCLC patients was significantly higher than that in the pancancerous tissues from other 30 patients (149.10?2.94 vs. 145.70?4.74, P

Background The application of mesenchymal stem cells to transfer specific genes is under investigation in various diseases.Using this strategy may provide a more effective method to supply exogenous neurotrophic factors to the cental nervous system,including retina.Objective This study was to construct ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF)-overexpressing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) using lentiviral vectors.Methods Rat secreted-CNTF gene cDNA was synthesized and subcloned into a lentiviral vector plasmid pHⅣ-dTomato to construct recombinant vector CNTF-dTomato.CNTF-dTomato/pH Ⅳ-dTomato plasmid were co-transfected into 293T packaging cell line with packaging plasmid psPAX2 and enveloped plasmid pMD.2G to produce recombinant lentivirus CNTF-lenti and control-lenti.Rat BMSCs were infected with CNTF-lenti/control-lenti to produce CNTF-BMSCs and control-BMSCs.Expression of dTomato and efficiency of infection was evaluated under the fluorescence microscope.Uninfected BMSCs(pure BMSCs) served as the blank control.CNTF protein level in the supernate was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared among the blank-BMSCs group,control-BMSCs group and CNTF-BMSCs group.Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of CNTF-BMSCs were induced using adipogenic-inducible medium and osteogenic-inducible medium and identified using oil-red O staining and alizarin red S (ARS) staining.Results After CNTF-dTomato plasmid was transfected into Stbl3 competent cells,the colony PCR product was 1 033 bp.The inserted sequence in the pHⅣ-dTomato plasmid was coincident with the expected one.The results of DNA sequencing showed that CNTF-dTomato plasmid was successfully constructed.The infection rate of CNTF-lenti was approximately 95％.ELISA showed that on the post-infected day 2,3,7,the CNTF protein levels in the supernate were significantly higher in the CNTF-BMSCs group than those in the blankBMSCs group and control-BMSCs group (all at P=0.000).In the CNTF-BMSCs group,the CNTF protein levels in the supernate were significantly increased on post-infected day 2,3,7 compared with day 1 (P =0.013,0.004,0.042).The adipogenic-induced cells showed the red staining to oil red O,and osteogenic-induced cells presented the orange staining to ARS.Conclusions BMSC line with stable expression of CNTF is successfully established by lentiviral vectors.CNTF-BMSCs have the potential to differentiate towards adipocytes and osteoblasts.

Objective To explore the effect of SFI in radiation-induced mice brain injury after 20 Gy cranial radiation.Methods The mice were divided into three groups:(1) control group,(2) RT-only group:the whole brain was irradiated with a dose of 20 Gy,(3) RT and SFI group:SFI at 20 ml/kg/d from 4 weeks after 20 Gy cranial radiation theraty(CRT).Results Morris water maze test showed that the latency of the irradiated group was longer than control group and SFI improved the cognitive function of mice (t =6.34,6.70,P ＜0.05).The expression of TNF-α reached to the highest level at 3 h after irradiation,and then it decreased but got the second higher level again at 4 weeks after irradiation.The expression of IL-1 β reached to the highest level at 72 h after irradiation and decreased until 4 weeks after irradiation.SFI decreased both expressions of TNF-α (t =11.34,9.70,6.07,P ＜ 0.05) and IL-1 β (t =12.27,5.70,7.52,P ＜ 0.05).Immune florescence staining showed that SFI reduced the number of activated microglia (t =12.35,8.64,7.82,P ＜ 0.05)and inhibited the translocation of p65 of microglia after irradiation.Conclusions Findings suggest that SFI may decrease microglial activation and suppress the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β by inhibiting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and then attenuate irradiation-induced brain injury.

Objective To explore the inhibitory effects of Corilagin on the production of proinflammatory cytokines in microglia induced by radiation. Methods The cytotoxicity of Corilagin was measured by MTT assay. Microglia BV-2 cells were irradiated 0 or 32 Gy after pretreated with Corilagin for 12 hours. Realtime-PCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β,TNF-α on several time-points. The content of nitric oxide (NO) was determined with nitrate reductase method. The translocation of NF-κB was measured by Western blot and immunocytochemical stain.Confocal microscopy was used to observe the expression of Iba-1 and Nemo. Results No cytotoxicity was detected on BV-2 cells with 1-10 μg/ml Corilagin. Iba-1 expression in microglia cells was activated by irradiation, the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, TNF-α and NO were also elevated. Whereas, the production of IL-1 β, TNF-α in activated microglia cells was significantly inhibited with 5 μg/mL corilagin ( tIL-1β = 6. 341, tTNF-α = 3.41 1, tNO = 3. 134, P ＜ 0. 05 ). Corilagin significantly inhibited the expression of Nemo and the translocation of NF-κB p65. Conclusion Corilagin could inhibit the activation of irradiated microglia cells and down-regulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines, via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective To explore the inhibitory effects of Tanshinone Ⅱ A on the radiationinduced microglia activation and the possible mechanism.Methods Microglia cells BV-2 were irradiated with 2,4,8,16,and 32 Gy doses or sham-irradiated in presence or absence of 1.0 μg/ml Tanshinone Ⅱ A for 12 h,respectively.The effects of Tanshinone Ⅱ A on radiation-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated using real-time PCR.The expression level of NF-κB p65 in cytoplasm and nucleus was measured by using Western blot.Immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy analysis were applied to detect the expression of γ-H2AX and p65 post-irradiation.Results The microglia cells were activated at 16,32 Gy post-irradiation.Radiation-induced release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines in BV-2 cells was detectable after irradiation.Tanshinone Ⅱ A decreased radiation-induced release of proinflammatory cytokines(t=5.56,P ＜ 0.05).Furthermore,western blotting showed that Tanshinone Ⅱ A could attenuate the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 submit post-irradiation.Immunofluorescence staining showed that γ-H2AX foci formation while p65 translocation into nucleus post-irradiation.Conclusions Tanshinone Ⅱ A exerts anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing the transcription of proinflammatory cytokine genes that might be associated with NF-κB signaling pathway.It is postulated that irradiation causes immediate cellular reaction and DSB triggers the molecular response which leads to NFκB pathway activation.