Animals ; DNA Damage ; DNA Repair ; DNA-Activated Protein Kinase ; Humans

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to determine whether the expressions of the two components of DNA-dependent protein kinase, Ku70 and DNA-PKcs, influence the response to radiotherapy (RT) and outcome of treatment of non-disseminated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in patients who received definitive RT. MATERIASL AND METHODS: Sixty-six patients with NPC who were treated with radiotherapy alone or with concurrent chemotherapy between June 1995 and December 2001 were divided into groups based on the levels of immunoreactivity for Ku70 and DNA-PKcs in pretreatment biopsy specimens. The over-expression of Ku70 or DNA-PKcs groups included patients whose biopsy specimens showed at least 50% immunopositive tumor cells; patients in which less than 50% of the tumor cells in the biopsy tissues were immunopositive were placed in the low Ku70 and DNA-PKcs groups. The immunoreactivities for Ku70 and DNA-PKcs were retrospectively compared with the sensitivity of the tumor to radiation and the patterns of therapy failure. Univariate analyses were performed to determine the prognostic factors that influenced locoregional control of NPC. RESULTS: The five-year locoregional control rate was significantly higher in the low Ku70 group (Ku(-)) (85%) than in the high Ku70 group (Ku(+)) (42%) (p=0.0042). However, there were no differences in the metastases-free survival rates between the two groups (Ku70 (+), 82%; Ku70 (-), 78%; p=0.8672). Univariate analysis indicated that the over-expression of Ku70 surpassed other well-known predictive clinocopathologic parameters as an independent prognostic factor for locoregional control. Eighteen of 22 patients who had locoregional recurrences of the tumor displayed an over-expression of Ku70. No significant association was found between the level of DNA-PKcs expression and the clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the level of Ku70 expression can be used as a molecular marker to predict the response to RT and the locoregional control after RT and concurrent chemotherapy in patients with non-disseminated NPC.
Biopsy ; DNA-Activated Protein Kinase ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radiotherapy ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

The present study investigated the relationship between DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines. The dose-survival relationship for NPC cell lines, CNE1 and CNE2, was analyzed using clonogenic formation assay, the activity of DNA-PK of the two cell lines was measured using the Signa TECT DNA-PK assay kit, and the localization and expression of Kus (a heterodimer) and DNA-PKcs protein in CNE1 and CNE2 before irradiation and 15 min, 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h after 4 Gy irradiation were analyzed by immunofluorescence, laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) and Western blot. The results showed that the surviving fraction of CNE1 was higher than that of CNE2 at each dose. The DNA-PK activity of CNE1 was also significantly higher than that of CNE2 before and after irradiation (P<0.05), while the expression of total Ku70/Ku80 in CNE1 and CNE2 had no significant difference. Increasing translocation of Ku70 and Ku80 from the cytoplasm to the nuclei in the two cell lines was observed with increase of irradiation time as detected by Western blot, and the immunofluorescence of the DNA-PK complex subunits showed greater nuclear translocation in CNE1 than CNE2 after irradiation. The results suggest that the relatively higher radio-resistance of CNE1 correlates with the higher activity of DNA-PK as compared to that of more radiosensitive CNE2 (or lower radio-resistance) before and after irradiation. Thus, DNA-PK activity may be a useful predictor of radiosensitivity of NPC.
Carcinoma ; Cell Line, Tumor ; enzymology ; radiation effects ; DNA-Activated Protein Kinase ; metabolism ; Humans ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; enzymology ; Radiation Tolerance

OBJECTIVETo construct antisense c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) eukaryotic fluorescent expressing vector and JNK1-/- human embryo lung fibroblasts cell line.

METHODSTrizol reagent was used to extract total RNA in HELF. The proper primers of JNK1 were chosen and synthesized. RT-PCR and gene recombinant techniques were used to construct the fragment of JNK1. After purification, the PCR products were cut, and JNK1 were inserted reversely into eukaryotic fluorescent expressing vector pEGFP-C1. Enzyme-cutting and DNA auto-sequencing were used to prove the successful construction of JNK1 eukaryotic expressing vector. Then plasmids were extracted and transfected into HELF cells and screen by G418 24 h later. Monoclone was chosen and cultured. Fluorescent imaging and Western blot were used to identify the JNK1-/- HELF cell line.

RESULTSSequence analysis of pEGFP-C1-as JNK1 plasmids was same as expected. The expression level of JNK1 was inhibited markedly.

CONCLUSIONConstruction of antisense JNK1 eukaryotic fluorescent expressing vectors and JNK1-/- HELF cell line is successful.

Cell Line ; DNA, Antisense ; genetics ; Fibroblasts ; metabolism ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transfection

BACKGROUNDThe role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in shikonin-induced HeLa cells apoptosis remains vague. This study was to investigate the activation of caspase pathways and the role of ERK1/2 in human cervical cancer cells, HeLa, by shikonin.

METHODSThe inhibitory effect of shikonin on the growth of HeLa cells was measured by MTT assay. Fluorescent microscopic analysis of apoptotic cells stained with 4',6'-oliiamiclino-2-phenylindole C (DAPI) and Hoechst 33258 was carried out. Caspase-3 and -8 activities were detected using caspase-3 substrate and caspase-8 substrate as substrates, respectively. The protein levels of ERK, p53 and p-ERK were determined by Western blot analysis.

RESULTSShikonin inhibited cell growth in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Caspase-3 and caspase-8 were activated in the apoptotic process and caspase inhibitors effectively reversed shikonin-induced apoptosis. Phosphorylation of ERK resulted in up-regulation of p53 expression, which was blocked by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK), inhibitor PD 98059.

CONCLUSIONShikonin induces HeLa cell apoptosis through the ERK, p53 and caspase pathways.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Caspases ; physiology ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; DNA Damage ; Flavonoids ; pharmacology ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 ; metabolism ; Naphthoquinones ; pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ; analysis ; Up-Regulation

PURPOSE: DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a serine/threonine kinase consisting of a 470 kDa catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and a heterodimeric regulatory complex, called Ku, which is composed of 70 kDa (Ku 70) and 86 kDa (Ku 80) proteins. The DNA-PK has been shown to play a pivotal role in rejoining DNA double-strand-breaks (dsb) in mammalian cells. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the level of Ku expression and radiation sensitivity. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Nine head and neck, cancer cell lines showed various intrinsic radiation sensitivities. Among the nine, AMC-HN-3 cell was the most sensitive for X-ray irradiation and AMC-HN-9 cell was the most resistance. The most sensitive and resistant cell lines were selected and the test sensitivity of radiation and expression of Ku were measured. Radiation sensitivity was obtained by colony forming assay and Ku protein expression using Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Ku80 increased expression by radiation, wheres Ku70 did not. Overexpression of Ku80 protein increased radiation resistance in AMC-HN9 cell line. There was a correlation between Ku80 expression and radiation resistance. Ku80 was shown to play an important role in radiation damage response. CONCLUSION: Induction of Ku80 expression had an important role in DNA damage repair by radiation. Ku80 expression may be an effective predictive assay of radiosensitivity on head and neck cancer.
Blotting, Western ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Line* ; DNA ; DNA Damage ; DNA-Activated Protein Kinase ; Head and Neck Neoplasms* ; Head* ; Neck ; Phosphotransferases ; Radiation Tolerance*

OBJECTIVETo study the role of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) in silica-induced DNA double-strand break repair in human embryo lung fibroblasts (HELF).

METHODSTwo stable transfectants, HELF transfected with DNA-PKcs siRNA (HELF-PKcs) and with negative control siRNA (HELF-NC), were established. HELF cells were treated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 microg/ml silica for 12 h and with 200 microg/ml silica for different times (0, 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h). HELF-PKcs and HELF-NC were treated with 200 microg/ml silica for 0, 12 and 24 h. The expression levels of DNA-PKcs and phosphor-H2AX (H2AX) were determined by Western blot. DNA double strand breaks were measured by neutral comet assay.

RESULTSAfter treatment with different doses of silica for 12 h, the levels of H2AX and the percentages of tail DNA increased in concentration-dependent manner. After treatment with 200 microg/ml silica for different times, the levels of H2AX increased in a time-dependent manner. The percentages of tail DNA increased significantly at 6 h, and reaching maximum at 12 h and then decreasing at 24 h. The expression level of DNA-PKcs was suppressed in HELF-PKcs. After treatment with silica at 12 h, the level of H2AX was lower in HELF-PKcs than in HELF-NC, and the percentages of tail DNA increased obviously in both HELF-PKcs and HELF-NC compared with non-treated cells, but no significant difference was found in the percentages of tail DNA between them. The percentages of tail DNA decreased markedly in silica-treated HELF-NC and was significantly lower than in HELF-PKcs at 24 h (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSilica can induce DNA double strand breaks in human embryo lung fibroblasts. DNA-PKcs might play a major role in silica-induced DNA double strand break repair. Silica-induced histone H2AX phosphorylation was dependent on DNA-PKcs.

Cell Line ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; drug effects ; DNA Repair ; DNA-Activated Protein Kinase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Fibroblasts ; drug effects ; physiology ; Histones ; metabolism ; Humans ; Phosphorylation ; Silicon Dioxide ; pharmacology ; Transfection

PURPOSE: DNA-PKcs is one of the DNA repair genes. It was recently found that hyperplasia and dysplasia of the intestinal mucosa and the production of aberrant crypt foci were developed in DNA-PKcs-null mice, and this suggests a suppressive role for DNA-PKcs in tumorigenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To investigate the possible relationship between the clinico-pathologic characteristics and the survival of gastric cancer patients, the expression status of DNA-PKcs was determined in 279 consecutive gastric cancers. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate the expression levels of DNA-PKcs protein by using the tissue array method. RESULTS: Out of 279 consecutive gastric cancers, 63 cases (22.6%) showed the loss of DNA-PKcs expression. The loss of DNA-PKcs expression was significantly associated with advanced cancer (p <0.001), lymphatic invasion (p=0.001), lymph node metastasis (p=0.009), and advanced pTNM stage (p=0.009). Univariate survival analysis revealed that patients with the loss of DNA-PKcs expression had significantly poorer survival than those patients with intact DNA-PKcs expression (p=0.004). Moreover, the loss of DNA-PKcs expression was identified to correlate with a lower survival in the subgroup of stage I gastric cancer patients (p=0.037). CONCLUSION: The loss of DNA-PKcs expression was found in 23% of human gastric cancers and this was identified to significantly correlate with poor patient survival, especially for stage I gastric cancer patients.
Aberrant Crypt Foci ; Animals ; Carcinogenesis ; Catalytic Domain* ; DNA Repair ; DNA-Activated Protein Kinase* ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Lymph Nodes ; Mice ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Survival Analysis

Animals ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; analysis ; Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental ; etiology ; metabolism ; Male ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; Smad3 Protein ; Trans-Activators ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of protein tyrosine phosphatase-SHP2 and dual-specificity MAPK phosphatase-MKP5 on the activation of MAPKs and cell invasion induced by P2Y purinergic receptor in human prostate cancer cell lines with different metastatic potentials.

METHODSThe wide type (-wt) SHP2, mutant type (-cs) SHP2 and wide type (-wt) MKP5 cDNA expression vectors were constructed and stably transfected into 1E8 cells (highly metastatic) and/or 2B4 cells (non-metastatic). The tyrosine phosphorylation of SHP2 was examined by immunoprecipitation. The activation of ERK1/2 and p38 induced by P2Y receptor agonist ATP was analyzed by Western blot with phospho-specific antibodies against the dually phosphorylated, active forms of ERK1/2 and p38. The in-vitro invasive ability through Matrigel was measured by boyden-chamber assay.

RESULTSATP induced significant SHP2 phosphorylation, which was stronger and lasted longer in 1E8 than in 2B4. SHP2-wt enhanced the ERK1/2 activation induced by ATP in 2B4 cells, while SHP2-cs delayed and decreased this effect in 1E8 cells. Both SHP2-wt and SHP2-cs had no obvious influence on p38 activation. ATP stimulated cell invasion of both 1E8 and 2B4, while transfection of SHP2-wt into 2B4 cells further increased the invasive-stimulating ability of ATP (18.7% increase compared with ATP treatment alone). Transfection of SHP2-cs into 1E8 cells, however, antagonized the invasive-stimulating ability of ATP (40.9% decrease compared with ATP treated group). Up-regulation of MKP5-wt inhibited phosphorylation of p38 by ATP and reduced cell invasion stimulated by ATP (22.4% and 28.7% decrease compared with ATP treated group of 1E8 and 2B4, respectively).

CONCLUSIONSBoth SHP2 and MKP5 play some roles in P2Y receptor-mediated activation of MEK/ERK, p38 signaling pathways and prostate cancer invasion. SHP2 positively regulates ERK activation and prostate cancer invasion, whereas MKP5 inhibits the invasion by suppressing p38 activation.

Adenosine Triphosphate ; pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; DNA, Complementary ; genetics ; Dual-Specificity Phosphatases ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Male ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 ; metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatases ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Phosphorylation ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2 ; physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; metabolism