EV71 infection has become a serious public health threat especially among young children. Yet, at present, no specific antiviral drug against EV71 infection is available. A number of scientists are studying various kinds of vaccines, including inactivated vaccine, virus-like particle vaccine, DNA vaccine, synthetic peptide vaccines, and transgenic oral vaccine. This article reviews the recent advancement in the design of various kinds of vaccine against EV71 as well as their prospective usefulness, effectiveness, weakness and developments in the foreground.
Enterovirus A, Human ; immunology ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; immunology ; Vaccines, DNA ; immunology ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; immunology

The study of tumor vaccine is one of the focus of immunological therapy on malignant gynecologic cancer. All of the ovarian carcinoma vaccine are therapeutic, including cloned antigen vaccine, tumor cell vaccine, genetic engineering tumor cell vaccine, dendritic cell (DC) vaccine, as well as anti-idiotypic vaccine. The therapeutic vaccines based on human papillomavirus (HPV) of cervical cancer are mostly summarized, including polypeptides vaccine, carrier vaccine, fusion protein or chimeric vaccine, and DC vaccine. The preventive vaccine based on HPV of cervical cancer are briefly introduced. As there are only a few reports on endometrial carcinoma vaccine.
Cancer Vaccines ; biosynthesis ; immunology ; Dendritic Cells ; immunology ; Female ; Genetic Engineering ; Humans ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; immunology ; Papillomaviridae ; immunology ; Papillomavirus Infections ; immunology ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; immunology ; Vaccines, DNA ; immunology

BACKGROUNDPatients with systemic lupus erythematosus often have various autoantibodies. The relationship between these antibodies is still poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to observe the anti-SSB antibody and anti-dsDNA antibody production profiles following immunization with synthetic SSB peptide alone, DNA alone or co-immunization with these two antigens.

METHODSSSB 214 - 225 aa peptide was synthesized by organic chemistry solid-phase peptide synthesis. Rabbits were immunized with the following antigens: synthetic SSB peptide linked with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), DNA, SSB plus dsDNA, KLH and PBS. Antibodies were measured by ELISA. Histopathology and direct immufluorescence assays were also applied.

RESULTSAnti-SSB and anti-dsDNA antibodies were produced following immunization with SSB peptide and DNA respectively. The level of SSB antibody in the co-immunization group was higher than that of the SSB peptide immunization group. The level of anti-dsDNA antibody in the co-immunization group was, however, lower than that in the DNA immunization group. Meanwhile, the level of anti-SSB antibody was higher than that of anti-DNA antibody in the co-immunization group. No morphological or immunological abnormalities were found in the heart, liver, kidney, spleen or skin tissues.

CONCLUSIONInhibition of anti-dsDNA-antibody was induced by co-immunization with synthesized SSB peptide and DNA, which might explain, at least partly, the mild disease in some LE subsets associated with SSB antibody.

Animals ; Antibodies, Antinuclear ; biosynthesis ; Autoantigens ; immunology ; DNA ; immunology ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct ; Immunization ; Rabbits ; Ribonucleoproteins ; immunology

Multiple epitopes from one or more viruses can be lined up and co-expressed in one vector to generate multi-epitopes DNA vaccines. In the study, four recombinant plasmids were constructed based on HA and NP gene of avian influenza virus (AIV) (H5N1): (1) pIRES/HA, carrying the complete HA gene; (2) pIRES/tHA, carrying a truncated HA gene fragment of major neutralizing antigenic epitopes; (3) pIRES/tHA-NPep, in which three CTL epitopes of NP gene of AIV were fused to the truncated HA from the C-terminal; and (4) pIRES/tHA-NPep-IFN-gamma, which was constructed by replacing neo gene in pIRES/ tHA-NPep with IFN-y of chicken. Fifty five SPF chickens were randomly divided into five groups and immunized with the above four constructs and control plasmid. Each chicken was intramuscally immunized with 200 microg plasmid DNA three times in a two-week interval. Two weeks after the third immunization, chickens were injected with H5N1 subtype avian influenza virus. Before the virus loading no detectable antibodies to HA were found in the chicken serum; but high levels of HI antibodies were detected in the serum of the survived chickens. The percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte in peripheral blood of immunized chickens increased steadily after the vaccination. After virus loading all chickens in the control group died within three to eight days, and the survival rates of the four DNA vaccine groups were as follows: pIRES/HA, 54.5%; pIRES/tHA, 30%, pIRES/ tHA-NPep, 36.3%, pIRES/tHA-NPep-IFN-gamma, 50%. These results indicated that multi-epitopes DNA immunization can induce immune response and protect chickens from homologous virus loading.
Animals ; Chickens ; Epitopes ; immunology ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ; immunology ; pathogenicity ; Influenza in Birds ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Vaccines, DNA ; immunology

DNA vaccination that can induce both cellular and humoral immune response has become an attractive immunization strategy against cancer and infectious disease. Elucidation of the precise mechanisms of immune priming will be important in the development of effective DNA vaccines. In this review, we illustrate possible mechanisms in priming cytotoxic T cell response involving the intracellular degradation, processing and presentation of encoded antigen. We also discuss the roles of costimulatory molecules expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in inducing optimal CTL activity. Hence, a rational strategy for increasing DNA potency would be to facilitate these pathways. Additionally, we focus on recent strategies including rapid degradation of ubiquitin-antigen fusion proteins, direct targeting to APCs for increased DNA uptake, direct routing an antigen into the MHC class I and II processing and presentation pathways, and increasing the immunogenicity of encoded antigen. All of these approaches have resulted in increased potency of DNA vaccines.
Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; Antigen-Presenting Cells ; immunology ; Lysosomes ; immunology ; Mice ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; immunology ; Ubiquitin ; physiology ; Vaccines, DNA ; genetics ; immunology

As the dominant antigens, early secreted antigenic target 6 (ESAT6, E6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP10, C10) had once been the focus of tuberculosis (TB) vaccine due to their capability of inducing strong cell immune response in the host. They are also endowed with promising future of prevention against and diagnosis of TB. In this review, we systematically introduce recent research progress of E6 and C10, especially in structure-function, biological characteristics, protein expression and secretion, host immunity and vaccine development, and the prospects of their application are also discussed.
Antigens, Bacterial ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Bacterial Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunodominant Epitopes ; immunology ; Molecular Biology ; Peptide Fragments ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Tuberculosis Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology ; Vaccines, DNA ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo clone PIB gene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and to construct a recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pCI-PIB and to understand the effects of pCI-PIB vaccination in mice to induce specific humoral and cellular immune responses.

METHODSThe entire PIB gene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (960 bp) was amplified by using PCR. An eukaryotic eukaryotic vector pCI-PIB was then constructed. BALB/c mice (n = 65, 100 microg/time/mouse) were immunized with pCI-PIB by intramuscular injection. ABC assay was employed to examine the PIB expression in muscular cells of the pCI-PIB-immunized mice (n = 10). ELISA and MTT assays were used to measure the effects of humoral and cellular immune responses of the remaining pCI-PIB-immunized mice. By using slide agglutination test and complement bacteriolytic test, the serum anti-bacterial activity of the pCI-PIB immunized mice was determined.

RESULTSThe entire PIB gene amplification fragment of the expected size (960 bp) was successfully obtained by PCR. In comparison with the reported PIB gene sequence (GenBank No: AF090801), the homology of nucleotide sequence of the target inserted fragment in the recombinant plasmid pCI-PIB was as high as 99.28%. The muscular cells of the immunized mice could take in pCI-PIB and then express PIB. In the pCI-PIB immunized mice, the higher titer (1:4000) of specific serum IgG and the specific T lymphocyte response were found. The proliferation index (4.031) was significantly higher than that of the controls (1.127) (t = 71.71, P < 0.05). The sera and washings from the pCI-PIB immunized mice could agglutinate Neisseria gonorrhoeae and kill this microbe in presence of complements.

CONCLUSIONIn this study we successfully constructed a recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pCI-PIB. The mice inoculated with pCI-PIB might efficiently produce the specific humoral and cellular immune responses, suggesting that pCI-PIB should be potential service as a candidate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae DNA vaccines.

Animals ; Antibody Formation ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; DNA, Recombinant ; immunology ; Female ; Immunity, Cellular ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; genetics ; immunology ; Plasmids ; Vaccines, DNA ; immunology

New strategies to improve vaccine efficacy against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are still required. DNA vaccines, exhibiting potential advantages over conventional vaccines for their simplicity and versatility, can induce specific humoral and cellular immune responses. We developed a recombinant pVAX1 DNA vector carrying p24 gene of HIV-1. The results showed that pVAX1 mediated gene possessed the ability of effective expression in both transfected 293T cells and BALB/c mice. And pVAX1-p24 DNA prime and boost immunization can induce significant P24-specific humoral immune responses and cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice. Furthermore, immunization with pVAX1-p24 DNA prime and protein boost induced 7.3 to 8.0-fold greater p24-specific humoral responses than pVAX1-p24 DNA prime and boost, while the cellular immune responses induced by combined immunization was lower. The results suggested that pVAX1-p24 DNA and P24 protein vaccine is a promising HIV-1 vaccine, and the selections of the immunization strategies are important for the immunization results.
AIDS Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology ; Animals ; DNA ; genetics ; immunology ; HEK293 Cells ; HIV Core Protein p24 ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunization ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Vaccines, DNA ; genetics ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo study the specific cellular immunoresponse of peripheral blood lymphocytes in the chronic hepatitis B patients treated with different doses of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine.

METHODSSeventy-two chronic hepatitis B patients who did not use any anti-HBV drugs within 6 months were randomized into 3 groups (90 micrograms, 60 micrograms, and placebo) in a ratio of 1:1:1. The patients in different groups were treated with different doses of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in combination with IFN alpha 1b 50 micrograms with 3 times a week for 24 weeks. All patients were followed up for 24 weeks (W24). HBV DNA, HBeAg and liver functions were detected at different time points, and the number of cells that secrete IFN-gamma were detected by ELISPOT.

RESULTSThere were no significant difference in ELISPOT positive ratio among the 3 groups on baseline detection. At W24, 12 cases, 12 cases, and 7 cases showed ELISPOT positive in the group of 90 micrograms, 60 micrograms, and placebo. The proportion of patients who were ELISPOT positive was higher in the groups treated with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (including the dose of 90 micrograms and 60 micrograms) than that in the placebo group (P=0.0446). HBV DNA turned negative in 6/24 of the patients treated with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (at both the doses of 90 micrograms and 60 micrograms), and HBeAg/Anti-HBe seroconversion or HBeAg became negative in 7/24 of them. In the placebo group, none of the patients showed undetectable HBV DNA, HBeAg/Anti-HBe seroconversion or HBeAg disappearance. At the 24W of follow up, in the patients who were ELISPOT positive, HBV DNA became undetectable in 4 of the patients treated with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (at doses of 90 micrograms and 60 micrograms), and HBeAg/Anti-HBe seroconversion or HBeAg disappearance were found in 9 of the cases. In the placebo group, none of the cases showed undetectable HBV DNA, and only 1 case had HBeAg/Anti-HBe seroconversion.

CONCLUSIONThe recombinant hepatitis B vaccine may increase the function of specific T lymphocytes in patients with chronic hepatitis B. There were no significant differences between the patients treated with the dose of 90 micrograms and 60 micrograms hepatitis B vaccine.

Adult ; DNA, Viral ; blood ; Female ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; immunology ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; immunology ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma ; biosynthesis ; Male ; Recombinant Proteins ; immunology ; T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo express a multi-copy specific epitope recombinant protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) with immuno-reactivity.

METHODSMulti-copy genes with a specific epitope of HSV-1-glycoprotein G 112-127 were constructed by DNA recombination and cloned in E. coli JM109 pGEM-5Zf. The positive recombinants were determined by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.

RESULTSThe recombinants with 4, 8, 16 and 32 copies of gG 112-127 were obtained. The 8-copy recombinant was expressed by 17.5%, mainly as inclusion body. And it reacted with antiserum HSV-1, but not with antiserum HSV-2.

CONCLUSIONThe HSV-1-gG112-127 recombinant could be used to distinguish HSV-1 and HSV-2 in ELISA.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions ; DNA, Recombinant ; Epitopes ; biosynthesis ; immunology ; Herpesvirus 1, Human ; immunology ; Herpesvirus 2, Human ; immunology ; Humans ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; biosynthesis ; immunology ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; biosynthesis ; immunology