Autism Spectrum Disorder （ASD） is a neurodevelopmental disorder with rapidly increasing global prevalence， characterized by core symptoms of social communication deficits and stereotyped repetitive behaviors. Although genetic predisposition， abnormal epigenetic regulation， perinatal environmental exposure， and nutritional-metabolic imbalances are recognized as major risk factors， the precise etiological mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Current clinical management primarily relies on behavioral interventions， with limited pharmacological options accompanied by adverse effects. Recent studies have demonstrated the unique therapeutic value of active components from Chinese herbal medicine in ASD intervention. This article reviews the mechanisms underlying various Chinese herbal active components in ASD treatment， including improvements in synaptic dysfunction， blood-brain barrier impairment， neurotransmitter regulation， cerebellar dysfunction， immune dysregulation and neuroinflammation， oxidative stress， programmed neuronal cell death， and lipid metabolism. These bioactive components exhibit multi-target and multi-pathway regulatory effects， providing novel therapeutic strategies and directions for ASD.

Objective Two different venous models,one with and one without a venous sinus,each containing two pairs of adjacent orthogonal venous valves,were constructed.Using fluid-structure interaction(FSI)simulations,the influence of the venous sinus structure on blood flow in the lower limb venous system was studied,and the role of the venous sinus structure in the process of venous valve opening and closing was analyzed.Methods Based on ultrasound images and anatomical images of animals,two distinct three-dimensional(3D)geometric models of the venous system were constructed using modeling software.Using the immersed boundary method,FSI simulations of venous valves were performed to obtain hemodynamic parameters,such as changes in valve morphology,flow streamline distribution,wall shear stress(WSS)distribution,and Q-criterion intensity distribution.Results The geometric opening area of the valve in the model with sinuses was larger than that in the model without sinuses.The distribution of blood streamlines demonstrated the existence of vortices in the sinus region and helical flow within the vessel.The same venous valve pair exhibited an asymmetric distribution of WSS,with the region of high WSS behind the venous valve and the Q-criterion intensity between the far and near end valves being smaller in the sinus model compared to the non-sinus model.Conclusions The blood flow between two adjacent pairs of orthogonal venous valves exhibits a helical flow characteristics.The venous sinus structure facilitates the opening of the venous valve and the generation of vortices in the sinus region.However,the venous sinus structure may somewhat weaken the helical flow produced by the orthogonal venous valves.The venous sinus has a critical influence on the hemodynamics of the venous system,and in the study of venous valves,the venous sinus structure should be considered as an indispensable component.

Objective Two different venous models,one with and one without a venous sinus,each containing two pairs of adjacent orthogonal venous valves,were constructed.Using fluid-structure interaction(FSI)simulations,the influence of the venous sinus structure on blood flow in the lower limb venous system was studied,and the role of the venous sinus structure in the process of venous valve opening and closing was analyzed.Methods Based on ultrasound images and anatomical images of animals,two distinct three-dimensional(3D)geometric models of the venous system were constructed using modeling software.Using the immersed boundary method,FSI simulations of venous valves were performed to obtain hemodynamic parameters,such as changes in valve morphology,flow streamline distribution,wall shear stress(WSS)distribution,and Q-criterion intensity distribution.Results The geometric opening area of the valve in the model with sinuses was larger than that in the model without sinuses.The distribution of blood streamlines demonstrated the existence of vortices in the sinus region and helical flow within the vessel.The same venous valve pair exhibited an asymmetric distribution of WSS,with the region of high WSS behind the venous valve and the Q-criterion intensity between the far and near end valves being smaller in the sinus model compared to the non-sinus model.Conclusions The blood flow between two adjacent pairs of orthogonal venous valves exhibits a helical flow characteristics.The venous sinus structure facilitates the opening of the venous valve and the generation of vortices in the sinus region.However,the venous sinus structure may somewhat weaken the helical flow produced by the orthogonal venous valves.The venous sinus has a critical influence on the hemodynamics of the venous system,and in the study of venous valves,the venous sinus structure should be considered as an indispensable component.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment of spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection (SISMAD).Methods The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted.The clinical data of 80 patients with SISMAD who were admitted to the Wuhan Union Hospital Affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology from February 2002 to March 2017 were collected.All the patients underwent computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) examinations,and then received conservative medical treatment,endovascular interventional treatment or exploratory laparotomy and revascularization.Observation indicators:(1) clinical features;(2) treatment;(3) follow-up.Follow-up using outpatient examination and telephone interview was performed once at 1,6 and 12 months after discharge and once every year after 1 year up to March 2017.Follow-up included recurrence of abdominal pain,changes of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) dissection or changes of SMA and remodeling of dissection after stent implantation.Measurement data were represented as average (range).Results (1) Clinical features:①) Clinical manifestation:75 of 80 patients had symptoms,and 5 without symptoms were diagnosed during health examination.Of 75 patients with symptoms,abdominal pain was the first symptom,with the main of the peri-umbilicus and epigastric pains,without peritoneal irritation sign,including 14 with nausea and vomiting and 4 with bloody stool.②) Results of imaging examination:80 patients were confirmed by CTA examination.CTA showed that there was local thickening of SMA,true and false double-lumen formation,thinner true arterial lumen with visible intimal flap shadow and thrombosis in the false lumen.Results of CTA showed that the first break was located within 1-6 cm from opening of SMA in 77 patients and in the middle and distal segment of SMA in 3 patients,without aortic dissection (AD).(2) Treatment:of 75 patients with symptoms,53 received conservative medical treatment with an effective rate of 70.7％ (53/75),average time of symptomatic remission was 5 days (range,1-12 days);22 received stent imnplantation via right femoral artery approach using self-expanding bare stent or covered stent,with a success rate of implantation of 95.5％ (21/22),including 21 with successful implantations and 1 with false implantation.One patient with false implantation had symptomatic remission after 1-week conservative medical treatment,and there was no exploratory laparotomy and revascularization.Five patients without symptom were required to control blood pressure and get regular follow-up,without other intervention.(3) Follow-up:75 patients with symptoms were followed up for 36 month (range,1-60 months).During follow-up,of 53 patients with conservative medical treatment,2 patients had significant progressions of SMA dissection by CTA examination,1 had recurrence and exacerbation of abdominal pain accompanied with bloody stool at 2-month follow-up,showing an aneurism of SMA dissection by DSA examination,and 1 had recurrence of abdominal pain at 1-year follow-up,both patients were improved after stent implantation;other 51 had no recurrence.Of 22 patients with stent implantation,1 had repeated abdominal pain during follow-up and the symptom became aggravated at 1-year follow-up,showing a thrombosis fonnation and proximal stenosis by CTA examination,and then underwent stent implantation in the proximal stenosis after anticoagulant therapy;SMA dissection of 1 patient completely healed at 2-year follow-up by CTA examination;other 20 patients had stent patency.Five patients without symptom had regular follow-up,showing no disease progression.Conclusions The symptoms of SISMAD are different,and abdominal pain is the one of main symptoms.At present,treatment regimens include conservative medical treatment,endovascular interventional treatment and surgery,and individualized treatment is decided according to clinical symptoms and physical signs of patients and imaging examinations.

The general characteristics,outcomes and risk factors of the patients with aortic dissection (AD) were evaluated in a single medical center.From January 2002 to December 2008,284 patients with AD were treated and followed-up at our institution,including 105 cases of type A AD and 179 cases of type B AD.The patients in each type were divided into three groups according to management:medical treatment group (A or B),open surgery group (A or B),and stent-graft group (A or B).The characteristics and follow-up outcomes were compared between the groups or subgroups.The results showed that there was significant difference in the prognosis for type A AD between medical treatment group and open surgery group,but there was no significant difference in the prognosis for type B AD between medical treatment group and stent-graft group.Independent risk factors of follow-up mortality for patients with type A AD included a history of atherosclerosis (HR,3.807; 95％ confidence interval [CI],1.489 to 7.611; P=0.003),in-hospital hypotension/shock (HR,4.687; 95％ CI,1.846 to 11.900;P=0.001),in-hospital myocardial ischemia or infarction (HR,3.734; 95％ CI,1.613 to 8.643; P=0.002),pleural effusion (HR,2.210; 95％ CI,1.080 to 4.521; P=0.030),branch vessel involvement (HR,2.747;95％ CI,1.202 to 6.278; P=0.016) and surgical treatment (HR,0.177; 95％ CI,0.063 to 0.502; P=0.001).And there were insignificant independent predictors for mortality of the patients with type BAD.It was concluded that there were significant differences in characteristics and one year mortality between type A AD and type B AD,but after one year,there was no significant difference in the mortality and complications of them.There were several discordant risk factors of AD,such as female gender,age,thrombus,abrupt onset of pain that were considered as the risk factors in some papers.And there was no definite risk factor of mortality in this study in the patients with type B AD.

The etiology of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is still not elucidated nowadays.Based on the accordance between DVT incidence and the anemophilous pollen concentration in the air,we proposed the hypothesis that allergic reaction induced by anemophilous pollen may cause “idiopathic” DVT,and proinflammatory factors may play an important role in the thrombosis process.

The general characteristics, outcomes and risk factors of the patients with aortic dissection (AD) were evaluated in a single medical center. From January 2002 to December 2008, 284 patients with AD were treated and followed-up at our institution, including 105 cases of type A AD and 179 cases of type B AD. The patients in each type were divided into three groups according to management: medical treatment group (A or B), open surgery group (A or B), and stent-graft group (A or B). The characteristics and follow-up outcomes were compared between the groups or subgroups. The results showed that there was significant difference in the prognosis for type A AD between medical treatment group and open surgery group, but there was no significant difference in the prognosis for type B AD between medical treatment group and stent-graft group. Independent risk factors of follow-up mortality for patients with type A AD included a history of atherosclerosis (HR, 3.807; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.489 to 7.611; P=0.003), in-hospital hypotension/shock (HR, 4.687; 95% CI, 1.846 to 11.900; P=0.001), in-hospital myocardial ischemia or infarction (HR, 3.734; 95% CI, 1.613 to 8.643; P=0.002), pleural effusion (HR, 2.210; 95% CI, 1.080 to 4.521; P=0.030), branch vessel involvement (HR, 2.747; 95% CI, 1.202 to 6.278; P=0.016) and surgical treatment (HR, 0.177; 95% CI, 0.063 to 0.502; P=0.001). And there were insignificant independent predictors for mortality of the patients with type B AD. It was concluded that there were significant differences in characteristics and one year mortality between type A AD and type B AD, but after one year, there was no significant difference in the mortality and complications of them. There were several discordant risk factors of AD, such as female gender, age, thrombus, abrupt onset of pain that were considered as the risk factors in some papers. And there was no definite risk factor of mortality in this study in the patients with type B AD.

The etiology of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is still not elucidated nowadays. Based on the accordance between DVT incidence and the anemophilous pollen concentration in the air, we proposed the hypothesis that allergic reaction induced by anemophilous pollen may cause "idiopathic" DVT, and proinflammatory factors may play an important role in the thrombosis process.