Zixue san is a preparation in Chinese Pharmacopoeia ，and is a commonly used representative formula in Liangkai formulation. In the previous editions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia ，for the item of the formulation and preparation method of Zixue san，“mirabilite”“mirabilite（prepare）”“Xuanming powder ”and other different descriptions have been repeatedly modified and amended；the methods of preparation of mirabilite in the processing specifications of different provinces and cities are also different，causing effects in actual production. Therefore ，the author has researched the historical evolution of Zixue ，the formulation and preparation method of Zixue san in the previous editions of Chinese P harmacopoeia，and has expounded the change process of mirabilite，mirabilite（prepare），Xuanming powder in the item of formulation and preparation method of Zixue san. In addition ，the author compares Chinese Pharmacopoeia with the processing methods of mirabilite in the national and provincial processing specifications ，in order to provide a basis for the processing of mirabilite in the formulation of Zixue san.

We present an overview of previous research results on the molecular phylogenetic analyses in Agaricales and its higher ranks (Agaricomycetes/Agaricomycotina/Basidiomycota) along with the most recent treatments of taxonomic systems in these taxa. Establishing phylogenetic hypotheses using DNA sequences, from which an understanding of the natural evolutionary relationships amongst clades may be derived, requires a robust dataset. It has been recognized that single-gene phylogenies may not truly represent organismal phylogenies, but the concordant phylogenetic genealogies from multiple-gene datasets can resolve this problem. The genes commonly used in mushroom phylogenetic research are summarized.
Agaricales ; classification ; genetics ; Basidiomycota ; classification ; genetics ; DNA, Fungal ; genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Models, Genetic ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the protective effect of total flavonoids from the leaves of Choerospondias axillaris （TFLC） on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury （MIRI） model rats. METHODS： Male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group， model group， positive control group （verapamil， 0.02 g/kg）， TFLC low-dose and high-dose groups （0.1， 0.4 g/kg）， with 10 rats in each group. Administration groups were intragastrically given relevant medicine （2 mL/100 g）； sham operation group and model group were given constant volume of normal saline intragastrically， once a day， for consecutive 7 d. After last medication， MIRI model was induced by modified ligation method. The times and duration of ventricular tachycardia （VT） and ventricular fibrillation （VF） in rats were recorded with biological function experiment system during reperfusion period.The activity of CK and contents of TNF-α， IL-6， NF-κB and NO in serum were determined by ELISA double antibody clip art assay. The morphological characteristics of myocardial tissue was observed by HE staining. The myocardial infarction scope （i.e. the ratio of myocardial tissue mass to ventricular mass） was measured by TTC method. RESULTS： Compared with sham operation group， the times and duration of VT and VF were increased or prolonged significantly in model group； CK activity， serum contents of TNF-α， IL-6 and NF-κB were enhanced or increased significantly， while NO content was decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Obvious myocardial infarction focus， serious cell structure damage， disorderly muscle fibers arrangement， cell nucleus pyknosis and accompanied inflammatory cell infiltration were all observed in cardiac tissue； the mass of infarcted myocardial tissue and ventricular as well as the scope of myocardial infarction increased significantly （P＜0.01）. Compared with model group， the times and duration of VT and VF were decreased or shortened significantly in administration groups； CK activity， serum contents of TNF-α， IL-6， NF-κB were decreased significantly， while NO content was increased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The above symptoms of myocardial injury were improved；the mass of infarcted myocardial tissue and ventricular as well as the scope of myocardial infarction was significantly reduced （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS： TFLC can relieve MIRI-induced ischemic arrhythmia and myocardial damage， reduce the release of inflammatory factors， promote the recovery of myocardial and endothelial cell function， reduce the scope of myocardial infarction and has a certain protective effect.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between medication taken during pregnancy and congenital heart disease of the newborns. Methods: A large cross-sectional survey was conducted between August and November 2013. A questionnaire survey was conducted among the childbearing aged women, selected through multistage stratified random sampling in Shaanxi from 2010 to 2013. All of the childbearing aged women under study were in pregnancy and with definite pregnancy outcomes. Multivariable Poisson regression was conducted for data analyses. Results: A total of 28 680 cases were included in this study. The proportion of medication taken at any time during pregnancy was 16.0%, and the prevalence of congenital heart disease among the newborns was 67.9/10 000. After adjustment for factors as general demographic characteristic, history of heart disease and drug allergy and the situation of disease during pregnancy of these women, results from the multivariable Poisson regression showed that, factors as taking drugs (RR=1.95, 95%CI: 1.42- 2.68), cold medicine (RR=1.68, 95%CI: 1.07-2.64), antibiotics (RR=1.90, 95%CI: 1.25-2.90), salicylates (RR=5.01, 95%CI: 1.84-13.64) and antifungal drugs (RR=10.22, 95%CI: 3.25-32.19) during pregnancy were all related to congenital heart disease, and with the history of taking cold medicine (RR=1.90, 95%CI: 1.01-3.61), antibiotics (RR=2.18, 95%CI: 1.17-4.06), salicylates (RR=6.07, 95%CI: 1.45-25.41), antifungal drugs (RR=21.01, 95%CI: 4.17-105.87) and other drugs (RR=2.31, 95%CI: 1.19-4.47) during early pregnancy. These factors were with higher risks for congenital heart disease. Conclusion: Women of childbearing age who took cold medicine, antibiotics, salicylic acid drugs, antifungal drugs and other drugs during early pregnancy would increase the risks related to congenital heart diseases.
Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Drug Therapy ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Female ; Heart Diseases/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study was conducted to investigate the chemical constituents in the root of Dysosma versipellis (Hance) M. Cheng. The constituents were isolated by silica gel, lichroprep RP-C₁₈ and pharmadex LH-20 column chromatography and the IR, MS, NMR, 2D-NMR spectroscopic analysis were employed for the structural elucidation. Ten compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of Dysosma versipellis, their structures were elucidated as dysoverine D (1), dysoverine F (2), dysoverine A (3), podoverine A (4), α-peltatin (5), rutin (6), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), kaempferol (9) and quercetin (10). Compound 2 is a new compound, and compounds 1 and 3-6 were isolated from this plant fo r the first time.

Acervus (Pyronemataceae, Pezizales) is a saprobic genus in Pezizomycetes, characterized by colored apothecia, subcylindrical to cylindrical asci and guttulate ascospores. We collected four Acervus samples from China and Thailand. Descriptions and illustrations are introduced for all fresh samples. One new record of A. globulosus from Thailand, one new species, A. rufus, two known species, A. epispartius and A. stipitatus from China are reported. Phylogenetic analysis based on five genes, the large subunit rRNA (LSU), the translation elongation factor-1 alpha (tef1-α), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb1), and the small subunit rRNA (SSU), revealed the distinct position of the new species. The new species is set apart by its red apothecia. A key to Acervus species is also given.

Acervus (Pyronemataceae, Pezizales) is a saprobic genus in Pezizomycetes, characterized by colored apothecia, subcylindrical to cylindrical asci and guttulate ascospores. We collected four Acervus samples from China and Thailand. Descriptions and illustrations are introduced for all fresh samples. One new record of A. globulosus from Thailand, one new species, A. rufus, two known species, A. epispartius and A. stipitatus from China are reported. Phylogenetic analysis based on five genes, the large subunit rRNA (LSU), the translation elongation factor-1 alpha (tef1-α), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb1), and the small subunit rRNA (SSU), revealed the distinct position of the new species. The new species is set apart by its red apothecia. A key to Acervus species is also given.

An autonomous robot system that is able to provide real time health monitoring and simple medical services is realized in this design. The system applies multiple sensors to monitor ordinary healthcare parameters, which is then transmitted via ZigBee network. In case of emergency, real time medicine delivery service is provided by the robot, applying a novel Received Signal Strength (RSS) based location method in ZigBee network. The system combines healthcare monitoring, data transmission and real time location into several portable wireless nodes, with the advantage of cost effectiveness, low power and easiness for configuration. Field tests under indoor environment have proved the stability and practicability of this design.
Computer Communication Networks ; instrumentation ; Equipment Design ; Monitoring, Ambulatory ; instrumentation ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; instrumentation ; Robotics

OBJECTIVETo learn the relationship between severity of rotavirus diarrhea and serotype G and genotype P.

METHODThe clinical information and fecal specimens of hospitalized children less than 5 years of age with acute diarrhea in four sentinel hospitals were collected from Aug 2001 to July 2003. Specimens were tested and typed for rotavirus. Each child with rotavirus infection was assessed for severity of diarrhea according to the 20-points scoring system of Vesikari.

RESULTSWhen combined with P[8], the severity scores for rotavirus diarrhea of P[8]G1 and P[8]G3 were 13 and 12 points, respectively, and the durations of diarrhea were 6 days and 5 days, respectively. The percentage of fever in patients with diarrhea caused by P[8]G1 was higher than that in those with diarrheas caused by P[8]G3 (97 percent vs. 73 percent). And the highest temperature in the cases with diarrheas caused by G1 and G3 was 39 degrees C and 38.6 degrees C, respectively. When combined with G3, the difference of diarrhea severity scores between P[4]G3 and P[8]G3 was not significant. But duration of diarrhea caused by P[4] was longer than that of diarrheas caused by P[8] (6.5 days vs. 5 days) and the maximum times of vomiting in P[8] cases was higher than in p[4] cases (4 times vs. 3 times per day). There was no significant difference in other clinical features between P[8] and P[4] infected cases.

CONCLUSIONWhen combined with P[8], RV diarrhea caused by G1 was associated with higher severity scores than diarrhea caused by G3. When combined with G3, there was no significant difference in severity scores between P[4] and P[8] infected cases.

Child, Preschool ; Diarrhea ; complications ; immunology ; pathology ; virology ; Female ; Fever ; etiology ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Rotavirus ; genetics ; immunology ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; complications ; immunology ; pathology ; virology ; Severity of Illness Index

BACKGROUNDDamage to the spinal cord after the treatment of the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms is an uncommon but devastating complication. The artery of Adamkiewicz (AKA) is the principal arterial supply of the anterior spinal artery (ASA) in the lower thoracic and lumbar level. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the visualization of the anterior spinal artery and the artery of Adamkiewicz, the affecting factors for the detection rate using multi-detector row CT (MDCT).

METHODSNinety-nine consecutive patients (31 women and 68 men; age range, 25 - 90 years; average age 61.3 years), with suspicion for thoracic aortic lesions necessitating surgical intervention (31 aortic aneurysm, 45 dissection, 5 intramural hematoma, and 18 normal), underwent CT angiography from the aortic arch to the aortic bifurcation. Transverse sections, multiplanar reformations and thin maximum intensity projections were used to assess the ASA and AKA. The level of the ASA and AKA origins and CT acquisition parameters were recorded. The contrast-to-noise ratio of the image, an index of the mass of the T11 body (vertebral mass index), the subcutaneous fat thickness, and the CT value within the aortic arch and at the T11 level were measured. The detection of the ASA and AKA were evaluated relative to the acquisition parameters, scan characteristics, and aortic lesion type. Differences were assessed with the Wilcoxon rank-sum and t tests.

RESULTSThe ASA was visualized in 51 patients (52%) and the AKA in 18 patients (18%). The ASA was identified in 36/67 patients (54%) with 1.25 mm thickness and in 15/32 patients (47%) with 2.5 - 3.0 mm thickness. This difference did not achieve significance (P = 0.13). The detection rate of the ASA and the AKA was influenced by the vertebral mass index and the contrast-to-noise ratio (P < 0.05). The amount of subcutaneous fat affected the detection rate of the ASA (P < 0.05) but not the AKA. In CT scans of ASA detection, the mean CT values in the aorta at the arch and at T11 were 360 and 358 HU, respectively, whereas in CT scans without ASA detection, the CT values in the aorta at the arch and at T11 were lower (P < 0.05), 297 and 317 HU, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThe ASA and AKA were less frequently detected in our cohort than previous reports. The visualization of the ASA and AKA was significantly affected by aortic enhancement, the "vertebral mass index", and the contrast-to-noise ratio.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Angiography ; methods ; Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; surgery ; Contrast Media ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Humans ; Iohexol ; administration & dosage ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Spinal Cord ; blood supply ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; methods