The cytotoxicity of medical ultrasonic couplant was tested by MTT assay and agar overlay test. By MTT assay, when the inoculum density was high, the cytotoxicity level was low, or vice versa. The cytotoxicity grade tested by agar overlay was not accord to MTT assay's too. MTT assay is suitable to test the cytotoxicity of medical ultrasonic couplant because it is quantitative and more sensitive, however, the experimental condition and the preparative method of extraction should be determined.
Animals ; Cell Line ; Colorimetry ; Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic ; methods ; Mice ; Ultrasonics

When some testing institutions performed biological evaluation to the disposable medical syringe piston, cytotoxicity was found. According to the biological evaluation testing Selection Guide proposed by Ministry of Health and the Comments of Sample Provider, We performed biological evaluation to one sample by using 5 tests of basic biological evaluation. Cytotoxicity was found, which was probably caused by the residue of the lotion. This research provides reference for objective evaluation of disposable medical syringe piston and safe guarantee of the product.
Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic ; Disposable Equipment ; Syringes ; adverse effects

A chemical-ecology approach has been used to screen plants growing in Guyana Highlands as an indicator of production of biologically active secondary metabolites. Extracts of leaves from 19 species, most of them endemic in this area, and collected at the top of Roraima Tepui (2,723 m) were screened in vitro at different concentrations for their potential cytotoxic activity against three tumour cell lines: HT29 (colon), A549 (lung) and MDA-MB-231 (breast). MTT (tetrazolium blue) colorimetric assay was employed as cytotoxicity test. Extracts of nine species caused less than 30% growth in at least one cell line. From these species, high cytotoxic activity was detected in Casearia sylvestris var. lingua and Ledotamnus sessiliflorus extracts; medium activity was found in Cyathea sp. Two other species, Cyrilla racemiflora and Heliamphora minor showed lower but significant cytotoxicity. Further cytotoxicity-directed fractionation of these extracts would be advisable to isolate and identify the active principles of these plants.
Cytotoxicity ; Aspects of disease screening ; Cell Line ; MB-2 ; Employed

OBJECTIVETo assess the immunotoxicologic effects of genetically modified drought resistant wheat T349 with GmDREB1 gene.

METHODSA total of 250 female BALB/c mice (6-8 week-old, weight 18-22 g) were divided into five large groups (50 mice for each large group) by body weight randomly. In each large group, the mice were divided into five groups (10 mice for each group) by body weight randomly, which were set as negative control group, common wheat group, parental wheat group, genetically modified wheat group and cyclophosphamide positive control group, respectively. Mice in negative control and positive control group were fed with feedstuff AIN-93G, mice in common wheat group, non-genetically modified parental wheat group and genetically modified wheat group were fed with feedstuffs added corresponding wheat (proportion up to 76%) for 30 days, then body weight, organ coefficient of spleen and thymus, peripheral blood lymphocytes phenotyping, serum cytokine, serum immunoglobulin, antibody plaque-forming cell (PFC), serum 50% hemolytic value (HC50), mitogen-induced splenocyte proliferation, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction and phagocytic activities of phagocytes were detected respectively.

RESULTSAfter 30 days raise, among negative control group, common wheat group, non-genetically modified parental wheat group, genetically modified wheat group and cyclophosphamide positive control group, mice body weight were (21.0±0.3), (20.4±0.7), (21.1±1.0), (21.1±1.0), (19.4±1.0) g, respectively (F=7.47, P<0.01); organ coefficient of spleen were (0.407±0.047)%, (0.390±0.028)%, (0.402±0.042)%, (0.421±0.041)%, (0.304±0.048)%, respectively (F=12.41, P<0.01); organ coefficient of thymus were (0.234±0.032)%, (0.246±0.028)%, (0.249±0.040)%, (0.234±0.034)%, (0.185±0.039)%, respectively (F=5.58, P<0.01); the percentage of T cell in peripheral blood were (70.43±4.44)%, (68.33±5.37)%, (73.04±2.68)%, (74.42±2.86)%, (90.42±1.66)%, respectively (F=57.51, P<0.01); the percentage of B cell were (13.89±3.19)%, (15.34±4.84)%, (13.06±4.22)%, (12.93±2.36)%, (3.01±0.96)%, respectively (F=12.79, P<0.01); the percentage of Th cell were (55.87±3.80)%, (55.24±4.60)%, (57.92±3.70)%, (59.57±2.54)%, (77.37±2.31)%, respectively (F=68.58, P<0.01);the Th/Ts ratio were 4.16±0.29, 4.73±0.96, 4.19±0.78, 4.52±0.40, 6.34±0.73, respectively (F=17.57, P<0.01);the serum IgG were (1046.38±210.67), (1065.49±297.22), (1517.73±299.52), (1576.67±241.92), (1155.88±167.05) µg/ml, respectively (F=10.53, P<0.01); the serum IgM were (333.83±18.97), (327.73±27.72), (367.47±27.18), (363.42±46.14), (278.71±24.42) µg/ml, respectively (F=12.11, P<0.01); the serum IgA were (51.69±10.10), (42.40 ± 8.35), (32.11±4.22), (37.12±4.90), (41.45±8.89) µg/ml, respectively (F=8.25, P<0.01); the PFC were (29.2±14.6), (28.0±20.0), (34.8±30.9), (33.2±25.1), (4.8±5.3) per 10(6) splenocyte, respectively (F=3.33, P<0.05); the HC50 were 82.3±6.5, 79.7±4.6, 75.8±4.1, 74.9±3.6, 70.8±2.1, respectively (F=9.99, P<0.01);the LPS-induced splenocyte proliferation were 0.21±0.10, 0.21±0.14, 0.26±0.12, 0.25±0.14, 0.07±0.06, respectively (F=4.18, P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe genetically modified drought-resistant wheat T349 was substantially equivalent to parental wheat in the effects on immune organs and immunologic functions of mice, and it didn't show immunotoxicity.

Animals ; Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Droughts ; Female ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; immunology ; toxicity ; Triticum ; genetics ; immunology ; toxicity

In a previous report, it was felt that the rat tumor cell line, T-333, was a mixture of heterogeneous cells with different characteristics with respect to karyotype, tumorigenicity, and response to Rolls Sarcoma virus (RSV) infection. These characteristics of hetero-geneous cell subpopulations could be selected by use of different culture substrates. In this experiment, diversity of the cells in response to complement mediated cytolysis employing syngeneic rat anti-sera was studied. More than 50% of the glass grown cells were lysed while only 19% of the plastic grown cells were lysed by the specific immune sera of syngeneic rats. This finding suggests that growth in plastic culture wares selects cells with resistance to complement mediated cytolysis. It seems likely that the previously reported enhanced tumorigenicity of plastic grown T-333 cells is due to clonal selection of cell subpopulations which can better tolerate at least one arm of the in vivo immune surveillance system.
Animal ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology* ; Plastics ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains

PURPOSE: During differentiation of HL-60 cells by all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA), we analyzed the expression of Fcr receptors and Mac-1 by molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochromes(MESF) and functional studies. METHODS: HL-60 cells were induced to differentiate by adding 1micrometer ATRA. On the 4th and 7th day after stimulation as well as before stimulation, the cells were analyzed for phenotypic and functional differentiation. Phenotypic analysis was performed by flow cytometry after staining the cells with PE-conjugated anti-human CD64(FcrRI), CD32(FcrRII), CD16(FcrRIII), CD11b, CD18. The measured fluorescent intensity was transformed into MESF. Phagocytic activity was measured by flow cytometry after incubation of the cells with fluorochrome-conjugated beads. Respiratory burst was measured by chemiluminescence assay. ADCC was measured by hemoglobin release assay. Opsonophagocytic activity was measured by fungicidal assay. Correlation between MESF of FcrR and Mac-1 and function of HL-60 was measured. RESULTS: Percent positive cells and MESF of CD11b and FcrRI increased on the 4th day and decreased on the 7th day. Percent positive cells of CD18 was 99% regardless of differentiation. But MESF of CD18 was increased on the 4th day and decreased on the 7th day. Percent positive cells of FcrRII were above 90% regardless of differentiation. MESF of FcrRII showed no significant change. FcrRIII expression was not induced. Phagocytic activity of HL-60 cells was increased twofold. Chemiluminescence of HL-60 cells was increased up to 60-fold on the 7th day. ADCC of HL-60 cells was incerased up to 2.5-fold on the 7th day. Opsonophagocytic activity increased twice on the 4th day. ADCC and opsonophagocytic activity correlates with the expression of CD11b/CD18 and FcrRII. CONCLUSION: Differentiation of HL-60 cells with ATRA induces several functional maturations until 7 days with expression of FcrR and Mac-1.
Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity ; Flow Cytometry ; HL-60 Cells* ; Humans ; Luminescence ; Respiratory Burst ; Tretinoin*

Natural killer (NK) cells are important innate immune effector cells with broad applications in killing the tumor cells and pathogens due to its cytotoxicity without prior immune sensitization. Unfortunately, in humans, the activity of NK cells against fungi is poorly characterized. Insight progress in the fields of NK cells activating, pattern recognition receptors, signal modulating and correlated cell factors (IFN-γ, GM-CSF, IL-10 and so on) has revolutionized understanding of the selective killing fungi by NK cells. Different morphotypes also can affect the immune status of NK cells. This article reviews the mechanism of fungi immune reaction, and the interaction between NK cells and fungi, and provides some new ideas for further study on pathogenesis of fungus and other infectious diseases and NK cell adoptively transferred immunotherapy.
Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Fungi ; immunology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural ; immunology

Immune and hemopoiesis are one of basic project of experimental hematology. Immune function is a essential activity of white blood cells. It was puzzled for the diversity and complexity of immune response. Polarized immune response of immune cells was discovered 30 years ago, which facilitates the study on differentiation of lymphocyte. Recently recognition on multifunctional polarized immune response of lymphocyte and monocyte/macrophage would promote to elucidate the regulatory network of immune cells, diversity and complexity of immune response as well as the study on hemopoiesis. In this paper the approach of multifunctional polarized immune response of lymphocyte, monocyte/macrophage and dendritic cells were reviewed, and their role, especially in cytokine storm and tumor pro-inflammation condition were discussed.
Cell Differentiation ; Cytokines ; immunology ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Dendritic Cells ; cytology ; immunology ; Humans ; Monocytes ; cytology ; immunology

In recent years, as increasing of monoclonal antibody application in clinic, the antitumor effect of antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) get increasing attention. The natural killer (NK) cells are the most important effector cells mediating specific antitumor of ADCC; the phagocytes, T-cells and granulocytes have the definite effect on antitumor of ADCC. ADCC is confirmed as the important mechanism and means for clinically treating the cancers with monoclonal antibodies. The IgG antibody firstly combines with target cells (tumor cells) through antigen-binding sites, and then FcγR on effector cells identifies its Fc fragment and mediates ADCC. Today many kinds of monoclonal antibodies have been put into clinical application such as rituximab and other new anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies including trastuzumab, erbitux, cetuximab, edrecolomab, nimotuzumab, gemtuzumab ozogamicin and so on, which all can mediate ADCC. The antitumor effects of ADCC mediated by monoclonal antibody can be influenced by IgG Fc receptor gene polymorphism, tumor cell antigen, serum antibody levels, cytokines and drugs etc. As to peripheral blood mononuclear cells, ADCC efficacies of FcγRIIIa-158V/V and FcγRIIa-131H/H are higher than that of other genotypes, while increasing the level of tumor antigen and decreasing the level of serum antibody or adding some cytokines (IL-2, IL-21, IL-15, etc) may elevate the ADCC effect mediated by monoclonal antibodies. Avoiding use of certain drugs (dexamethasone, TNF antagonist) or appropriately using of ondansetron and clemastine also can enhance the anti-tumor effect of ADCC mediated by monoclonal antibodies. In short, ADCC is very important in clinical application for anti-tumor treatment, but its efficacy may be impacted by multiple factors.In this article, the killing mechanisms of ADCC, the clinical use of monoclonal antibodies with antitumor effect of ADCC, the factors influencing anti-tumor efficacy of ADCC, and the antitumor effects of ADCC by other cells are reviewed.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; therapeutic use ; Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Killer Cells, Natural ; Neoplasms ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo establish a cell-based detection method of ciguatoxin using fluorescence assay.

METHODSMouse neuroblastoma N-2A cells were exposed to ouabain and veratridine and different concentrations of standard ciguatoxin samples (P-CTX-1) to establish the curvilinear relationship between the toxin dosage and fluorescence intensity using the sodium fluorescence probe CoroNaTM Green. The toxicity curvilinear relationship was also generated between the toxin dosage and cell survival using CCK-8 method. Based on these standard curves, the presence of ciguatoxin was detected in 33 samples of deep-sea coral fish.

RESULTSA correlation was found between the detection results of cell-based fluorescence assay and cytotoxicity assay, whose detection limit reached 103 g/ml and 1012 g/ml, respectively. The cell-based fluorescent assay sensitivity showed a higher sensitivity than cytotoxicity assay with a 2-4 h reduction of the detection time.

CONCLUSIONSThe cell-based fluorescent assay can quickly and sensitively detect ciguatoxin and may serve as a good option for preliminary screening of the toxin.

Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Ciguatoxins ; toxicity ; Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic ; methods ; Fishes ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Mice ; Sodium