The region segmentation of the pap-smear image is known to be a difficult and important part in the automatic image recognition system. Both the pixel based methods(thresholding) and the region based methods(split and merge, region growing and edge detection) are widely used for segmentation of the nucleus, cytoplasm and background in the pap-smear images. The pixel based methods are relatively fast, but not accurate, while the region based methods are accurate, but slow. This paper proposes a multistage segmentation strategy which uses thresholding and incremental color clustering methods to reduce computation time while not sacrificing accuracy. Proposed method consists of three stages. The first stage uses global thresholding method to search nucleus blob position, and the second stage employs incremental color clustering with color information. The final stage segments unsuitable nuclei using thresholding method after calculating suitability for each extracted nucleus blob. The proposed segmentation method is tested under various error measures. The experimental results showed that each stage of the proposed method reduced specific error measures: The second stage reduced false negative error and the third stage false positive error.
Cytoplasm

No abstract available.
Cytoplasm*

BACKGROUND: Micropapillary variant of urothelial carcinoma (MPUC) showed distinct pathologic features and aggressive behavior. The cytologic findings of MPUC are still indistinct. In this study, we evaluated the cytological findings of MPUC compared with those of high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC). METHODS: The voided urine cytology of 8 cases of MPUC and 8 cases of HGUC was reviewed. Following cytological parameters were evaluated: cellularity, background, number of small, tight papillary clusters, small acinar structure, scattered single cells, cytoplasmic features, nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear pleomorphism, nuclear membrane irregularity, hyperchromasia, chromatin pattern and nucleoli. RESULTS: Compared to that of HGUC, cytology of MPUC showed large numbers of small, tight papillary clusters, small acinar structure, few numbers of single cells, and hyperchromatic nuclei. Other parameters were similar between the two groups; both groups showed similar cellularity, dense or vacuolated cytoplasm, moderate to severe nuclear pleomorphism, irregular nuclear membrane, coarse granular chromatin, and small and prominent nucleoli. CONCLUSIONS: The urine cytology of MPUCs showed smaller and tighter papillary cell clusters, more small acinar structures, fewer numbers of scattered single cells, and more hyperchromatic nuclei than that of HGUC. These features can help to distinguish MPUC and HGUC and offer an early cytological diagnosis of MPUC.
Chromatin ; Cytoplasm ; Nuclear Envelope

Using BHK cells with stable expression of cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (BHK-NCX1), reverse mode (i.e. Ca2+ influx mode) of NCX1 current was recorded by whole-cell patch clamp. Repeated stimulation of reverse NCX1 produced a cytosolic Ca2+-dependent long-term inactivation of the exchanger activity. The degrees of inactivation correlated with NCX1 densities of the cells and were attenuated by reduced Ca2+ influx via the reverse exchanger. The inactivation of NCX1 was attenuated by (i) inhibition of Ca2+ influx with reduced extracellular Ca2+, (ii) treatment with NCX1 blocker (Ni2+), and (iii) increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffer (EGTA). In BHK-NCX1 cells transiently expressing TRPV1 channels, Ca2+ influx elicited by capsaicin produced a marked inactivation of NCX1. We suggest that cytoplasmic Ca2+ has a dual effect on NCX1 activities, and that allosteric Ca2+ activation of NCX1 can be opposed by the Ca2+-dependent long-term inactivation in intact cells.
Calcium ; Capsaicin ; Cytoplasm ; Cytosol

No abstract available.
Cytoplasm* ; Inclusion Bodies*

No abstract available.
Cytoplasm* ; Glomerulonephritis* ; Humans ; Metaplasia*

We can assume a histogram of uterus neck cytoplasm image has three peaks which is consisted of nucleus, cytoplasm and background. We proposed a method for extraction of adaptive thresholding value that is suitable to each various intensity distribution. First, the adaptive thresholding is divided into thresholding of cytoplasm area and nucleus area. The thresholding of cytoplasm area, utilizing whole histogram, extracts thresholding value by using histogram standard deviation which of recognized as a background for each histogram distribution. The classification of nucleus is various in size and has difficulty in precise image extraction because of great difference in intensity in a cell image when using whole histogram distribution. So we suggests 'local thresholding' . In the first place, by using optimal thresholding, we can find nucleus seed area as a mask, and get adaptive thresholding value correct to each histogram distribution by obtaining histogram for each mask. Comparing to other methods that use the same thresholding value for one image, this can effectively extract nucleus and cyotoplasm. Because 'local thresholding' decides most suitable thresholding value for each distribution and characteristics.
Classification ; Cytoplasm ; Masks ; Neck ; Uterus

Autologous pieces of rabbit conjuntival stroma were implanted into the vitreous cavity of the fellow eye. The eyes were observed at intervals of several days and were enucleated at different times for histologic examination with flat preparation method. The conjuntival stromal cells were transformed into fibroblasts during the first 72 postoperative hours. The cells composing the proliferations included fibroblast and occasional cuboidal to ovoid cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm containing occasional pigment granules. This study showed that vitreous cavity acted as a media for "in vivo" culture of the autologous tissue and also provided a scaffold for intraocular proliferation of the autologous conjuntival stroma.
Cytoplasm ; Eosinophils ; Fibroblasts ; Stromal Cells

Moonlighting proteins exhibit multiple activities in different cellular compartments, and their abnormal regulation could play an important role in many diseases. To date, many proteins have been identified with moonlighting activity, and more such proteins are being gradually identified. Among the proteins that possess moonlighting activity, several secreted proteins exhibit multiple activities in different cellular locations, such as the extracellular matrix, nucleus, and cytoplasm. While acute inflammation starts rapidly and generally disappears in a few days, chronic inflammation can last for months or years. This is generally because of the failure to eliminate the cause of inflammation, along with repeated exposure to the inflammatory agent. Chronic inflammation is now considered as an overwhelming burden to the general wellbeing of patients and noted as an underlying cause of several diseases. Moonlighting proteins can contribute to the process of chronic inflammation; therefore, it is imperative to overview some proteins that exhibit multiple functions in inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will focus on inflammation, particularly unravelling several well-known secreted proteins with multiple functions in different cellular locations.
Cytoplasm ; Extracellular Matrix ; Humans ; Inflammation

Malignant Leydig cell tumor of the testis is a very rare condition. A case of the malignant Leydig cell tumor arised from the right testis of seventy-year-old man is reported. The patient presented painless, 4 x 8 x 5 cm sized, mass without endocrinological manifestations and the mass was removed and diagnosed as a malignant Leydig cell tumor histologically showing frequent mitosis, pleomorphic cells in trabecular pattern with nuclear atypia, clear cells with foamy cytoplasm, and vascular invasion of tumor emboli in tumor capsule. No Reinke`s crystalloid was seen. The patient is now being followed in disease free state.
Cytoplasm ; Humans ; Leydig Cell Tumor* ; Mitosis ; Testis