Gukang Capsules are often used in combination with drugs to treat fractures, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis. Cytochrome P450(CYP450) mainly exists in the liver and participates in the oxidative metabolism of a variety of endogenous and exogenous substances and serves as an important cause of drug-metabolic interactions and adverse reactions. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the effect of Gukang Capsules on the activity and expression of CYP450 for increasing its clinical rational medication and improving the safety of drug combination. In this study, the Cocktail probe method was used to detect the changes in the activities of CYP1A2, CYP3A2, CYP2C11, CYP2C19, CYP2D4, and CYP2E1 in rat liver after treatment with high-, medium-and low-dose Gukang Capsules. The rat liver microsomes were extracted by the calcium chloride method, and protein expression of the above six CYP isoform enzymes was detected by Western blot. The results showed that the low-dose Gukang Capsules could induce CYP3A2 and CYP2D4 in rats, medium-dose Gukang Capsules had no effect on them, and high-dose Gukang Capsules could inhibit them in rats. The high-dose Gukang Capsules did not affect CYP2C11 in rats, but low-and medium-dose Gukang Capsules could induce CYP2C11 in rats. Gukang Capsules could inhibit CYP2C19 in rats and induce CYP1A2 in a dose-independent manner, but did not affect CYP2E1. If Gukang Capsules were co-administered with CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP3A2, CYP2C11, and CYP2D4 substrates, the dose should be adjusted to avoid drug interactions.
Rats ; Animals ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2/metabolism* ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1/pharmacology* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism* ; Microsomes, Liver ; Liver ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/metabolism*

Flavonoids are present in fruits, vegetables and beverages derived from plants, and in many dietary supplements or herbal remedies. A number of naturally occurring flavonoids have been shown to modulate the CYP450 system, including the induction or inhibition of these enzymes. This review focuses on the flavonoid effects on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme CYP1, 2E1, 3A4 and 19. Flavonoids alter CYPs by various mechanisms, including the stimulation of gene expression via specific receptors and/or CYP protein, or mRNA stabilization and so on. But in vivo and in vitro, the effects of flavonoids are not always coincident as a result of concentrations of flavonoids, genetic and environmental factors. As well, flavonoids may interact with drugs through the induction or inhibition of their metabolism. Much attention should be paid to the metabolism interaction of the flavonoids when coadministered with other drugs.
Animals ; Aromatase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Inhibitors ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; genetics ; metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; drug effects ; Flavonoids ; pharmacology ; Humans ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism

The regulation mechanism of arecoline on rat hepatic CYP2E1 was studied in vivo. After oral administration of arecoline hydrobromide (AH; 4, 20 and 100 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) to rats for one week, the hepatic CYP2E1 mRNA level remained unchanged, but the hepatic CYP2E1 protein content was dose-dependently increased. Additionally, although the hepatic CYP2E1 activity was induced by AH treatment, the induction was attenuated with the increase in dosage. The results indicate that the effect of arecoline on rat hepaticdoes not involve transcriptional activation of the gene, but largely involves the stabilization of CYP2E1 protein against degradation or increased efficiency of CYP2E1 mRNA translation, and additionally involve the post- ranslational modification of CYP2E1 protein. Furthermore, the CYP2E1 response is fairly equal among the different species, the induction of rat hepatic CYP2E1 by arecoline suggests that there is a risk of metabolic interaction among the substrate drugs of CYP2E1 in betel-quid use human.
Animals ; Arecoline ; pharmacology ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 ; metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Inducers ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Liver ; drug effects ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; Rats

<p>OBJECTIVETo study the effects of salvianolic acid A on content of cytochrome P450,cytochrome b5 and CYP1A2, CYP2E1 activities of rats.p><p>METHODThe rats were randomly divided into two groups and each group contained 5 male rats and 5 female rats. One is control group, another is dosage group. The dosage group was injected salvianolic acid A into a rat tail vein at doses of 20 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) for 5 days. The control group was injected placebo into a rat tail vein at the same doses as the dosage group. The content of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 of rats were assayed using UV and CYP1A2, CYP2E1 activities were evaluated using probe substrate.p><p>RESULTAfter salvianolic acid A was injected into rats tail vein for 5 days, the total content of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 and CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 activities have no statistical significance of differences than the control group.p><p>CONCLUSIONSalvianolic acid A has no effects on CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 activities, indicating that there is no internation between salvianolic acid A and the drugs metabolized by CYP1A2 or CYP2E1.p>
Animals ; Caffeic Acids ; pharmacology ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 ; metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 ; metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; metabolism ; Cytochromes b5 ; metabolism ; Female ; Lactates ; pharmacology ; Male ; Microsomes, Liver ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Effects of six kinds of Chinese herb extracts, including Folium Crataegi extract, Herba Epimedii extract, Folium Acanthopanacis Senticosi extract, Trifolium pratense L. extract, Folium Ginkgo extract and Radix Puerariae extract, on the activities of CYP450 isozymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C, CYP2E1, CYP2D, CYP3A) in rat hepatic microsomals were studied by using a UPLC-MS/MS (MRM) and cocktail probe substrates method. The results showed that effects of six kinds of Chinese herb extracts on each CYP450 isozyme activity were inhibitory. The IC50 of Folium Crataegi extract for the inhibition of rat microsomal CYP2D activity was only for 4.04 microg x mL(-1), which showed the highest inhibition; Trifolium pratense L. extract had strong inhibitory action to CYP2D, the IC50 value was 5.73 microg x mL(-1); Folium Crataegi extract also had strong inhibitory action on CYP2E1, the IC50 value was 10.91 microg x mL(-1). Furthermore, the IC50 of Folium Ginkgo extract for the inhibition of rat microsomal CYP3A, 2D, 2E1 activities were 45.12, 35.45 and 22.41 microg x mL(-1), respectively, and the IC50 of Folium Acanthopanacis Senticosi extract on the inhibition of rat microsomal CYP2E1 activity was 32.89 microg x mL(-1). In addition, mechanism of inhibition experimental results showed that the inhibiting abilities of Folium Crataegi extract and Radix Puerariae extract on each CYP450 isozyme increased with the increasing of the preincubation time, therefore, the inhibitory effects were a mechanism-based inhibition.
Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Crataegus ; chemistry ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 ; metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 ; metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A ; metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Eleutherococcus ; chemistry ; Epimedium ; chemistry ; Ginkgo biloba ; chemistry ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Male ; Microsomes, Liver ; enzymology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Pueraria ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Trifolium ; chemistry

The main objective of this research is to investigate the effects of astragaloside IV, calycosin separately glucoside, formononetin on oxidative stress in Chang Liver cells induced by H2O2. In the experiments, Chang Liver cells (a kind of normal human hepatocytes) were used as the research object, bifendate which has a clear hepatoprotective effect was used as the positive control drug, then the oxidative damage model of Chang Liver cells were established by H2O2. Cells were divided into six groups: blank control group, oxidative stress group, astragaloside IV group, calycosin separately glucoside group, formononetin group and positive control group. Then endogenous antioxidant system related indexes were detected by micro plate and colorimetric method; intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by DCFH-DA fluorescent probe; and the expressions of CYP2E1 were evaluated by liver microsomes, mRNA, and protein, respectively with spectrophotometry, Real-time PCR method, and Western blot technique. Results showed that H2O2 decreased antioxidant activity, and increased ROS level and expression of CYP2E1. The above oxidative stress status had been changed with protections of the three components of Astragalus membranaceus (compared with oxidative stress group, P < 0.05, P < 0.01), which taken as a whole had equivalent effects as the drug of positive control group( bifendate). Taken together, three Astragalus membranaceus ingredients all had significant or extremely significant inhibiting effects on oxidative damaged Chang Liver cells which were induced by H2O2, and the oxidative damage of Chang Liver cells had been relieved.
Astragalus membranaceus ; chemistry ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 ; metabolism ; Humans ; Isoflavones ; pharmacology ; Liver ; drug effects ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Saponins ; pharmacology ; Triterpenes ; pharmacology

The present study investigated the effect of extract of Poria cocos polysaccharides(PCP) on cytochrome P450 2 E1(CYP2 E1) and nuclear factor κB(NF-κB) inflammatory signaling pathways in alcoholic liver disease(ALD) mice and explored its protective effect and mechanism. Sixty male C57 BL/6 N mice of SPF grade were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, a positive drug group(bifendate, 200 mg·kg~(-1)), and high-(200 mg·kg~(-1)) and low-dose(50 mg·kg~(-1)) PCP groups. Gao-binge mo-del was induced and the mice in each group were treated correspondingly. Liver morphological and pathological changes were observed and organ index was calculated. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) were detected. Malondialdehyde(MDA) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in liver tissues were detected by assay kits. The levels of interleukin-6(IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) were detected by ELISA. The activation of macrophages was observed by immunofluorescence staining and protein expression of CYP2 E1, Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4), NF-κB p65, and phosphorylated NF-κB p65(p-NF-κB p65) were analyzed by Western blot. The ALD model was properly induced. Compared with the model group, the PCP groups significantly improved the pathological injury of liver tissues. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that compared with the model group, the groups with drug intervention showed decreased macrophages in liver tissues. Additionally, the PCP groups showed reduced ALT, AST, MDA, IL-6, and TNF-α(P<0.05), and potentiated activity of SOD(P<0.01). PCP extract has the protective effect against alcoholic liver injury in mice, and the underlying mechanism may be related to the regulation of the expression of CYP2 E1 and inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway to reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory injury, thereby inhibiting the development of ALD.
Animals ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1/pharmacology* ; Liver ; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/pathology* ; Male ; Mice ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology* ; Polysaccharides/pharmacology* ; Wolfiporia

<p>OBJECTIVETo study the role of CYP2E1 in the protective effects and mechanism of garlic oil (GO) on the peripheral nerve injuries induced by n-hexane.p><p>METHODSFifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10): the control, the GO (80 mg/kg) control, the n-hexane (2000 mg/kg) model, the low dose GO (40 mg/kg) plus n-hexane, and the high dose GO (80 mg/kg) plus n-hexane groups. All rats were treated by intragastric administration 6 times a week for 10 weeks. The gait scores were determined every two weeks for monitoring the peripheral neurotrosis. All rats were sacrificed in 10 weeks, the activities and expression levels of hepatic CYP2E1 and 2, 5-HD in serum were examined.p><p>RESULTSAs compared with control group, the content and activity of hepatic CYP2E1 in GO control group reduced by 83.1% and 48.3% respectively (P < 0.01), the content and activity of hepatic CYP2E1 in model group increased by 112.5% and 72.2% respectively (P < 0.01). As compared with model group, the contents of hepatic CYP2E1 in low dose and high dose GO groups reduced by 32.9% and 39.1% respectively, the activities of hepatic CYP2E1 in low dose and high dose GO groups reduced by 27.4% and 44.5% respectively (P < 0.01); the contents of serum 2,5-HD in low dose and high dose GO groups reduced by 47.7% and 78.7% respectively (P < 0.01). The gait scores in model, low dose and high dose GO groups were significantly lower than that in control group, but the gait scores in low dose and high dose GO groups were significantly lower than that in model group (P < 0.05).p><p>CONCLUSIONGarlic oil can effectively reduce the peripheral neurotrosis induced by n-hexane due to the decreased content and activity of hepatic CYP2E1, resulting in the reduced formation of 2, 5-HD from n-hexane.p>
Animals ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 ; metabolism ; Garlic ; Hexanes ; toxicity ; Liver ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Male ; Peripheral Nerves ; drug effects ; pathology ; Plant Oils ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

<p>OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of antagonistic action of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on microcystin LR (MC-LR) induced oxidative damage on mice and the expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) which was one of phase Iota detoxification enzymes.p><p>METHODSA total of 24 specific pathogen free (SPF) male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups, including control group, MC-LR group, low concentration EGCG group, and high concentration EGCG group. Mice were sacrificed on the 15th day, body weight, and the relative organ weight, liver antioxidant enzyme level and lipid peroxidation product, liver histopathology and CYP2E1 gene and protein expression were detected and analyzed respectively.p><p>RESULTS(1) EGCG could antagonise the liver injury which had been damaged by MC-LR. (2) The malonaldehyde (MDA) level ((2.87 +/- 0.03) nmol/mg prot) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level ((168.18 +/- 2.86) U/mg prot) in MC-LR group were significantly different when compared with the two EGCG treatment groups (the MDA values of the low and high concentration EGCG group were (2.37 +/- 0.05) nmol/mg prot and (1.44 +/- 0.05) nmol/mg prot, F = 906.63, P < 0.01; the SOD values were (176.55 +/- 2.98) U/mg prot and (184.89 +/- 1.53) U/mg prot, F = 32.32, P < 0.01). (3) MC-LR up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of CYP2E1 (the mRNA values of MC-LR group and control were 1.41 +/- 0.26, 0.86 +/- 0.13, t = -4.22, P = 0.003; the protein values of MC-LR group and control were 0.24 +/- 0.03, 0.12 +/- 0.02, t = -9.21, P < 0.05). EGCG down-regulated the mRNA (the values of the low and high concentration EGCG group were 1.09 +/- 0.08, 0.99 +/- 0.09, F = 9.03, P = 0.004) and protein expression (the values of the low and high concentration EGCG group were 0.21 +/- 0.03, 0.14 +/- 0.02, F = 24.76, P < 0.05) of CYP2E1 which activated by MC-LR.p><p>CONCLUSIONThe up-regulation of CYP2E1 which induced by MC-LR was inhibited by EGCG intervention. EGCG might antagonize the oxidation damage of hepatocytes in a certain degree.p>
Animals ; Catechin ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 ; metabolism ; Hepatocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Microcystins ; adverse effects ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects

<p>OBJECTIVETo study the effect of Chinese herbal compound (CHC) on the expression of hepatocyte cytochrome P450IIE1 in rat model of alcoholic fatty liver (AFL).p><p>METHODSThe AFL rats models were established by administering the drinking water with 40%(v/v) ethanol, and the changes of pathology in liver and hepatocyte P450IIE1 expression, as well as the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), vitamin E (VitE) in liver were detected and compared with those in the control group.p><p>RESULTSFatty degeneration in liver recovered normally in the CHC-treated group. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization examination showed that CHC could inhibit the hepatocyte cytochrome P450IIE1 expression markedly, and restore the contents of MDA, SOD, GSH, VitE to nearly normal range.p><p>CONCLUSIONCHC can prevent AFL through inhibiting the hepatocyte cytochrome P450IIE1 expression markedlyp>
Animals ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic ; pathology ; Gene Expression ; Hepatocytes ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley