Cycloplegic refraction with 1% cyclopentolate and I % atropine was performed in esotropic children younger than 6 years. The purpose of this study was to find clinical factors related with differencs in refractive changes between cyclopentolate and atropine Additionally, the periodic refractive changes at the first, second and third day during performing traditional atropinization were evaluated. The results were as follows: The refractive state after using 1 % cyclopentolate was + 5.00 diopters in average and that after using 1% atropine was +5.77 diopters in average (pcyclopentolate in one or both eyes. Factors increasing the differences in refractive change between atropine and cyclopentolate were hyperopia more than +4.00 diopters and young age less than 4 years but AC/A ratio was not related. The periodic refractive changes at the first, second, and third day during atropinization were statistically significant.
Atropine* ; Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Esotropia ; Humans ; Hyperopia

Photorefraction was performed in 96 cases(191 eyes) after instillation of tropicamide and cyclopentolate for the purpose of screening procedure. And then refraction was also carried out by retinoscope. From this comparison study, phtorefraction provided data which were very close to those obtained from the conventional retinoscopy.
Cyclopentolate ; Mass Screening ; Retinoscopes ; Retinoscopy ; Tropicamide

645 children (330 boys and 315 girls) of a primary school were determined under 2% Cyclogyl. (1) Among 645 children, refractive error was 57.2% and emmetropia 42.8%. (2) As to the distribution of refractive errors, 33.8% were hyperopic and 11.4% myopic. Hyperopia was more common than myopia. (3) Hyperopic refractive error was increased until 7 years of age. Since then it has been decreased yearly. Myopic refractive error has been increased yearly since 8 years of age. (4) The refractive errors were relatively equall rate in girls(28%) and boys(29%). (5) Refractive errors were numerous around the age of 7(24.7%). (6) The degree of refractive errors varied, but in the great majority was less than 3 diopters. (7) As to the type of astigmatism, 75% were with the rule and 23.7 were againat the rule. (8) The myopic refractive errors were decreased in 1973 year(24.7%) than 1957 year(27.5%).
Astigmatism ; Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Emmetropia ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors

Retinoscopy was performed on 90 esotropic children (180 eyes) younger than 6 years with cyclopentolate-homatropine and atropine. This procedure involves the instillation of a combination of cyclopentolate 1% and homatropine 5% on the initial visit, (ollowed by the instillation of atropine 1% two to four weeks later. In group 1, the parents administered atropine to both eyes of the patient three times a day for 3 days prior to the refraction, and for group 2, atropine was administered twice a day alternately to both eyes for 5 days. Atropine revealed +0.74 diopters more hyperopia than cyclopentolate-homatropine in group 1, and +0.68 diopters more in group 2, No statistically significant difference in cycloplegic effect of atropine was found between the two groups. After use of the atropine, side effect of facial flushing occurred in 15 patients (30%) in group 1, and in 5 patients (12%) in group 2. This difference is statistically significant (p<0.05). The results imply that in clinical practice 5 days of alternate twice-daily instillation can be substituted for conventional "full" atropinization for 3 days.
Atropine ; Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Esotropia ; Flushing ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Parents ; Retinoscopy

To detect the number of school children with errors of refraction and who are not wearing corrective glasses, a study was conducted at Barrio Santiago Elementary School.280 students fromGrade I to Grade IV were included.Visual screening, manifest and cyclopegic refraction was performed, and the results were compared and analyzed.63 (22.5%) had an undiagnosed myopic error of refraction detected by proper visual sc
Human ; Male ; Female ; Adolescent ; Child ; CYCLOPENTOLATE ; OPHTHALMOLOGY ; REFRACTIVE ERROR OF REFRACTION

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a cycloplegic regimen using 0.5% tropicamide and 0.5% phenylephrine (Tropherine, Hanmi Pharm), in addition to 1% cyclopentolate, in hyperopic children. METHODS: The medical records of hyperopic patients below the age of 14 years who had undergone cycloplegic retinoscopy were retrospectively reviewed. Cycloplegic refractions were performed using one of two cycloplegic regimens. Regimen 1 was a Tropherine-added regimen comprising the administration of one drop of 1% cyclopentolate followed by two to three drops of Tropherine added at 15-minute intervals. Regimen 2 was a cyclopentolate-only regimen comprising the administration of three to four drops of 1% cyclopentolate at 15-minute intervals. The mean difference between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction was compared between the two regimens. RESULTS: A total of 308 eyes of 308 hyperopic children were included. The mean difference (±standard deviation) in the spherical equivalent (SE) between cycloplegic and noncycloplegic refraction was significantly larger in regimen 2 than in regimen 1, with values of +1.70 ± 1.03 diopters (D) and +1.25 ± 0.89 D, respectively (p=0.001). The SE change after cycloplegia was significantly different between the two regimens only in patients aged 5 years or younger (p=0.001), particularly in those with high hyperopia with an SE ≥5 D (p=0.005) or fully accommodative esotropia (p=0.009). There was no significant difference between the two regimens in patients older than 5 years, regardless of the presence of high hyperopia or fully accommodative esotropia. CONCLUSIONS: The Tropherine-added regimen exerted a weaker cycloplegic effect than the cyclopentolate-only regimen, particularly in children under the age of 5 years with high hyperopia or fully accommodative esotropia. However, the difference in refraction between the two regimens was small. A Tropherine-added regimen can be effective in hyperopic children, with less associated discomfort than the instillation of cyclopentolate.
Child* ; Cyclopentolate* ; Esotropia ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Medical Records ; Phenylephrine* ; Retinoscopy ; Retrospective Studies ; Tropicamide*

PURPOSE: To investigate clinical course of esotropia associated with hyperopia after initial wearing of the glasses. METHODS: Patients with onset earlier than 6 months of age, or with vertical strabismus greater than 3delta were excluded. The time intervals between initial wearing of the glasses and decrease of esophoria (tropia) to 8delta or less, minimun amount of hypermetropic correction to straighten the eyes and clinical course after initial prescription of hyperopic spectacles were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 21 boys and 23 girls. The average onset of esotropia was 35.4 months of age, and the timing of initial wearing of the glasses was 44.4 months. The average deviation at near without correction was 29.6 delta. Average refractive error was +4.25 diopters (D) OD and +4.16D OS, with the minimum of +1.63D OD and +1.38D OS in one patient. Among 44 patients, 22 showed esophoria (tropia) of 8 delta or less within two weeks, and five between 2 and 7 weeks. Three were corrected after wearing new glasses by repeat cycloplegic refraction with atropine (2 patients), or with cyclopentolate (1 patients). Esotropia was resolved after occlusion therapy for amblyopia in one patient. Eleven were partially accommodative esotropia. Among 33 refractive accommodative esotropia, two deteriorated to partially accommodative esotropia, one to high AC/A ratio esotropia, and one to exotropia. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperopia as small as +1.50D should be corrected. If significant esotropia remained after seven weeks of initial wearing of hyperopic glasses, it would be prudent to perform cycloplegic refraction again with atropine. Six percent of refractive accommodative esotropia decompensated to partially accommodative esotropia.
Amblyopia ; Atropine ; Cyclopentolate ; Esotropia* ; Exotropia ; Eyeglasses* ; Female ; Glass* ; Humans ; Hyperopia* ; Prescriptions ; Refractive Errors ; Strabismus

PURPOSE: To investigate the frequency of side effects due to the use of cyclopentolate for cycloplegic refraction. METHODS: For 4 months, temperature change and adverse effects in 157 children who visited the pediatric ophthalmology clinic of a university hospital for cycloplegic refraction using cyclopentolate were observed. Topical 1% cyclopentolate was instilled 5 times at 5 minute intervals and temperature measured before and after administration using a tympanic thermometer. Side effects such as facial flushing, skin rash, and central nervous system disorders were recorded while cycloplegic refraction was performed. RESULTS: The mean temperature was increased 36.67 +/- 0.10degrees C to 36.90 +/- 0.09degrees C, but no fever exceeded 38degrees C. Seventeen (10.83%) patients experienced side effects including facial flushes (n = 6), temperature change (n = 5), abnormal central nervous system symptoms (n = 4), and a visible skin rash (n = 2). No patient experienced more than 1 side effect and long term adverse effects were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of side effects due to cyclopentolate instillation for cycloplegic refraction was 10.83% in children. Although side effects due to cyclopentolate disappeared without any treatment, cafeful monitoring for their occurrence is necessary.
Central Nervous System ; Central Nervous System Diseases ; Child ; Cyclopentolate* ; Exanthema ; Fever ; Flushing ; Humans ; Incidence ; Ophthalmology ; Thermometers

PURPOSE: We examined the several refractive errors and measured the axial length of child patients who visited Fatima Hospital and then assessed the distribution of refractive error and axial length. We also compared the patients' life-styles with refractive error and axial length. METHODS: We examined automated refraction, manifest refraction, 1% Cyclogyl refraction, 1% atropine refraction and axial length with an A-scan in patients between 5 and 15 years old. We asked their parents to provide information about the life-style of the patients using a questionnaire. RESULTS: The difference between manifest refraction and 1% Cyclogyl refraction was significant in patients under 9 years of age, but not significant in patients over 10 years of age. We found that the greater degree of myopia the patient had, the longer the total length and vitreous length. Patients who played outdoors for less than 2 hours per day, read more than 2 books per week and had 1 or more parent with myopia, had greater degrees of myopia. CONCLUSIONS: We found that 1% Cyclogyl refraction with manifest refraction is necessary for refraction examination in children, and the degree of myopia is closely related with an indoor life-style, the amount of reading books and the parents myopia.
Adolescent ; Atropine ; Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Humans ; Life Style* ; Myopia* ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Refractive Errors

Pharmacological mydriasis can cause an acute elevation of intraocular pressure without obstruction of angle. A prospective study of 80 normal Korean subjects(149 eyes) and 20 Korean primary open angle glaucoma patients(49 eyes) was performed in order to obtain and compare effects on intraocular pressure, pupil size and aqueous floater by phenylephrine, Mydrin-P(R) and cyclopentolate and to investigate wheather intraocular pressure elevation occurs also in Korean eyes after pupil dilation. Significant pressure elevation(6mmHg or more) was rare in normal subjects while incidence of 25% with Mydrin-P(R) and 50% with cyclopentolate occurred in primary open angle glaucoma patients. Thus, stronger cyclopegics induced intraocular pressure elevation more frequently. Statistically significant correlation between intraocular pressure elevation and aqueous floater did not exist in primary open angle glaucoma patients but only existed with cyclopentolate in normal subjects. Maximum mydriasis by phenylephrine, Mydrin-P(R) and cyclopentolate occurred in 60, 90 and 90 minutes respectively. There is a potential hazard of routine dilation of eyes with cycloplegic agents in primary open angle glaucoma patients in both Korean and occidental eyes.
Cyclopentolate* ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Mydriasis ; Phenylephrine* ; Prospective Studies ; Pupil