Jasmonic acid (JA), a plant endogenously synthesized lipid hormone, plays an important role in response to stress. This manuscript summarized the biosynthesis and metabolism of JA and its related regulatory mechanisms, as well as the signal transduction of JA. The mechanism and regulatory network of JA in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses were systematically reviewed, with the latest advances highlighted. In addition, this review summarized the signal crosstalk between JA and other hormones in regulating plant resistance to various stresses. Finally, the problems to be solved in the study of plant stress resistance mediated by JA were discussed, and the application of new molecular biological technologies in regulating JA signaling to enhance crop resistance was prospected, with the aim to facilitate future research and application of plant stress resistance.
Signal Transduction ; Cyclopentanes ; Oxylipins ; Plant Growth Regulators

OBJECTIVES: In this study, the in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration (CA) assay was conducted to gain additional information concerning the hazards associated with the use of cyclopentane and ammonium nitrate. While these two chemicals had already been tested by many methods, they had not been studied in the CA test. METHODS: The assay was performed using the ovarian infantile cell (CHO-K1 cell), by the direct method (-S9) and by the metabolic activated method (+S9 mix). RESULTS: Using the direct method, the 7 dosages in a 48 hour treatment group did not show that the frequency of CA is proportion to the dosage addition. The frequency of CA is not proportion to the dosage addition for a 6 hour treatment using the metabolic activated method. CONCLUSION: From these findings, it was decided that the 2 chemicals do not induce chromosomal aberrations under the tested conditions.
Animals ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; Cyclopentanes ; Female ; Humans ; Nitrates ; Ovary ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/ MS) method for quantification of pentoxyverine citrate in human plasma has been developed and applied for the bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics study. After extracted from plasma samples with ethyl acetate, analysis was performed in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode with a positive electrospray ionization (ESI) interface with a mobile phase consisted of methanol and water (0.4% glacial acetic acid and 4 mmol x L(-1) ammonium acetate, 43 : 57, v/v). The linear concentration range of the calibration curves was 1.0-160.0 ng x mL(-1) for pentoxyverine citrate, inter- and intra-precision (RSD) was less than 12.5%, accuracy (RE) was in +/- 13.5% and absolute recovery was more than 80%. The method was proved simple, rapid, sensitive, specific and suitable for pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study of Yufenweilin capsule containing pentoxyverine citrate.
Chromatography, Liquid ; methods ; Cyclopentanes ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Humans ; Male ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; methods ; Therapeutic Equivalency

A bioprocess intensification strategy that combines both elicitation and in situ absorption was developed to improve the production of taxuyunnanine c (Tc) in cell suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis. When 100 micromol/L methyl jasmonate was added as an elicitor on Day 7, the Tc content and yield increased 3.6 and 3.3 times respectively, however the cell growth was reduced by 10%-30%. Significant improvement in Tc yield was observed when an absorbent XAD-7 was added on different time of the culture period. The optimum Tc yield was achieved when 100 g/L XAD-7 was added simultaneously with 100 micromol/L methyl jasmonate on Day 7. The maximum Tc yield of 477.4 mg/L was obtained on Day 21 of the culture, being 6.3-fold of the control and 1.9-fold of the 100 micromol/L methyl jasmonate treatment alone. In the combined treatment, 94% of the Tc produced was secreted outside of the cells and absorbed on XAD-7 absorbents. The results demonstrated that the process strategy combining elicitation and in situ absorption was effective to intensify the Tc biosynthesis via elicitation with the removal of product feedback inhibition via absorption, presenting a great potential in commercial applications.
Absorption ; Acetates ; pharmacology ; Acrylic Resins ; pharmacology ; Cell Culture Techniques ; methods ; Cyclopentanes ; pharmacology ; Oxylipins ; pharmacology ; Polystyrenes ; pharmacology ; Taxoids ; metabolism ; Taxus ; cytology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Eucommiol on osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), and the feasibility of applying in mandibular defects repair using ADSCs combined with the extract of Eucommiol scaffold material.

METHODSForty-eight New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into four groups and bilateral mandibular defect was prepared. Group A: Implanted the ADSCs combined with the extract of Eucommiol scaffold, group B: Implanted the ADSCs combined with hydroxyapatite materials, group C: Implanted hydroxyapatite materials, group D: The control group. All the experimental animals were sacrificed after 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks. Tissue samples were observed by gross observation, radiographic analysis, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, scanning electron microscope (SEM). The value of imaging analysis and osteogenesis were evaluated. The results were analyzed by SPSS 17.0 statistical software.

RESULTSIn vivo imaging and histological staining showed that the healing of bone defect and bone quality in group A was significantly better than those in the other groups. SEM showed well biocompatibility between composite material and tissue without inflammation reaction. By measuring and analyzing the dental CT data and new bone area, the bone in group A was obviously better than those in other groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe extract of Eucommiol can promote ADSCs into bone cells. The role of ADSCs combined with extract of Eucommiol scaffold materials has significant bone induction. It is expected that this material could become a new composite material and be used to fix the jaw bone defects.

Adipocytes ; Alcohols ; Animals ; Bone and Bones ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclopentanes ; Durapatite ; Mandible ; Osteogenesis ; Rabbits ; Stem Cells ; Tissue Engineering ; Tissue Scaffolds

The well-known detrimental effects of cadmium (Cd) on plants are chloroplast destruction, photosynthetic pigment inhibition, imbalance of essential plant nutrients, and membrane damage. Jasmonic acid (JA) is an alleviator against different stresses such as salinity and drought. However, the functional attributes of JA in plants such as the interactive effects of JA application and Cd on rapeseed in response to heavy metal stress remain unclear. JA at 50 µmol/L was observed in literature to have senescence effects in plants. In the present study, 25 µmol/L JA is observed to be a "stress ameliorating molecule" by improving the tolerance of rapeseed plants to Cd toxicity. JA reduces the Cd uptake in the leaves, thereby reducing membrane damage and malondialdehyde content and increasing the essential nutrient uptake. Furthermore, JA shields the chloroplast against the damaging effects of Cd, thereby increasing gas exchange and photosynthetic pigments. Moreover, JA modulates the antioxidant enzyme activity to strengthen the internal defense system. Our results demonstrate the function of JA in alleviating Cd toxicity and its underlying mechanism. Moreover, JA attenuates the damage of Cd to plants. This study enriches our knowledge regarding the use of and protection provided by JA in Cd stress.
Brassica napus/metabolism* ; Cadmium/toxicity* ; Catalase/metabolism* ; Cyclopentanes/pharmacology* ; Oxylipins/pharmacology* ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/metabolism* ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism*

To investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics and absolute bioavailability of ginkgolide A (GA), ginkgolide B (GB) and bilobalide (BB) in rats. In this experiment, a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) method was established to determine the plasma concentrations of GA, GB and BB in rats after rats were administrated with the three drugs through ig and iv respectively. The main pharmacokinetic parameters and absolute bioavailability of three ginkgolide compounds were obtained by using pharmacokinetic software DAS 2. 0. After the inject of GA, GB and BB, the results showed Cmax at (513.9 ± 116.9), (701.3 ± 76.0), (5,255.6 ± 476.8) µg · L(-1) and AUC0.24h of (960.9 ± 268.5), (779.5 ± 140.6), (7,409.3 ± 1,181.1) µg · h · L(-1), respectively; after the oral administration, the results showed Cmax at (522.9 ± 39.9), (146.8 ± 31.6), (2,711.9 ± 588.9) µg · L(-1) and AUC0-24 h of (1,760.4 ± 300.7), (636.6 ± 180.3), (16,651.4 ± 1,306.5) µg · h · L(-1), respectively. The absolute bioavailability of GA, GB and BB in rats was (61.1 ± 10.4)%, (27.2 ± 7.7)%, (56.2 ± 4.4)%, respectively. The method established in this experiment has a good specificity and sensitivity and so can be used to study the pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of GA, GB and BB in rats.
Animals ; Biological Availability ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cyclopentanes ; pharmacokinetics ; Furans ; pharmacokinetics ; Ginkgolides ; pharmacokinetics ; Lactones ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The low-production is a ubiquitous problem and has prevented the commercialization of secondary metabolite production in plant cell culture. In order to examine the effective approaches to improvement of secondary metabolite production in plant cell culture, the investigation of anthocyanins accumulation in suspension cultures of Vitis vinifera, as a model system, had been initiated in our laboratory. In this present research, various elicitors and the precursor of phenylalanine were used in combination to enhance the anthocyanins production in suspension cultures of Vitis vinifera. And an integrated process with the combination of elicitation, precursor feeding and light irradiation was reported for rational bioprocess design. Among the combination treatment of phenylalanine feeding and several elicitors (methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, dextran T-40, methyl jasmonate, extracts of Aspergillus niger and Fusarium orthoceras), the combination with methyl jasmonate gave the highest anthocyanins production in suspension cultures of Vitis vinifera. When compared to the controls, the anthocyanins content (CV/g, FCW) and production (CV/L) increased by 2.7-fold and 3.4-fold, respectively. The optimum time for the addition of phenylalanine and methyl jasmonate was 4 days after inoculation. Two cell lines with different anthocyanins-producing capacity responded differently to the optimum combination treatment of 30 micromol/L phenylalanine feeding, 218 micromol/L methyl jasmonate elicitation and 3000 to approximately 4000 1x light illumination. The high-and low-anthocyanins-producing cell lines of VV05 and VV06 produced the maximum of 2975 and 4090 CV/L of anthocyanins that were 2.5- and 5.2-fold of the controls, respectively.
Acetates ; pharmacology ; Anthocyanins ; biosynthesis ; Cell Culture Techniques ; methods ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media ; Cyclopentanes ; pharmacology ; Light ; Oxylipins ; pharmacology ; Phenylalanine ; pharmacology ; Vitis ; cytology ; metabolism

AIM: To determine the IPP origin of the naphthoquinones (NQs) in Rubia cordifolia, and to evaluate the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment, MEP, and MVA pathway inhibitor treatment on the accumulation of anthraquinones (AQs) and NQs in cell suspension cultures of R. cordifolia. METHODS: Cell suspension cultures of R. cordifolia were established. Specific inhibitors (lovastatin and clomazone) and MeJA were supplied to the media, respectively. Treated cells were sampled every three days. Content determination of purpurin (AQs) and mollugin (NQs) were carried out using RP-HPLC. The yield of the two compounds was compared with the DMSO-supplied group and the possible mechanism was discussed. RESULTS: Lovastatin treatment increased the yield of purpurin and mollugin significantly. Clomazone treatment resulted in a remarkable decrease of both compounds. In the MeJA-treated cells, the purpurin yield increased, meanwhile, the mollugin yield decreased compared with control. CONCLUSION The IPP origin of mollugin in R. cordifolia cell suspension cultures was likely from the MEP pathway. To explain the different effects of MeJA on AQs and NQs accumulation, studies on the regulation and expression of the genes, especially after prenylation of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid should be conducted.
Acetates ; pharmacology ; Anthraquinones ; metabolism ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclopentanes ; pharmacology ; Isoxazoles ; pharmacology ; Lovastatin ; pharmacology ; Oxazolidinones ; pharmacology ; Oxylipins ; pharmacology ; Pyrans ; metabolism ; Rubia ; drug effects ; metabolism

Andrographolide is a main active ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine Andrographis paniculata，with a variety of pharmacological activity，widely used in clinical practice. However its biosynthetic pathway has not been resolved. Cytochrome P450 reductase provides electrons for CYP450 and plays an important role in the CYP450 catalytic process. In this study，the coding sequence of A. paniculata CPR was screened and cloned by homologous alignment，named ApCPR4. The ApCPR4 protein was obtained by prokaryotic expression. After isolation and purification，the enzyme activity was identified . The results showed that ApCPR4 could reduce the cytochrome c and ferricyanide in NADPH-dependent manner. In order to verify its function，ApCPR4 and CYP76AH1 were co-transformed into yeast engineering bacteria. The results showed that ApCPR4 could help CYP76AH1 catalyze the formation of rustols in yeast. Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that the expression of ApCPR4 increased gradually in leaves treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The expression pattern was consistent with the trend of induction and accumulation of andrographolide by MeJA，suggesting that ApCPR4 was associated with biosynthesis of andrographolide.
Acetates ; Andrographis ; enzymology ; genetics ; Biosynthetic Pathways ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cyclopentanes ; Diterpenes ; metabolism ; NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase ; genetics ; Oxylipins ; Plant Leaves ; enzymology ; Plant Proteins ; genetics