OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of KCl on regulation of circadian gene CLOCK expression, we observed whether induction of CLOCK is influenced by KCl depolarization in B35 rat neuroblastoma cells. METHODS: B35 rat neuroblastoma cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin in a 37 degrees C humidified incubator with 5% CO2. Inhibitors including cycloheximide and actinomycin D were pretreated 1 hour before treatment with 50mM KCl. Immunoblotting with anti-CLOCK antibody was done. RESULTS: CLCOK is induced by 50 mM KCl in B35 Rat Neuroblastoma cells, and a maximal induction in CLOCK level reached peak at 8 to 20 hours. The pretreatment of cycloheximide and actinomycin D prevented the induction of CLOCK by 50 mM KCl. CONCLUSION: We suggest that KCl depolarization may play critical roles in several aspects of the circadian gene CLOCK expression.
Animals ; Circadian Clocks ; Cycloheximide ; Dactinomycin ; Immunoblotting ; Incubators ; Neuroblastoma* ; Rats*

No abstract available.
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione* ; Cycloheximide* ; Dizocilpine Maleate*

To investigate whether transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) treatment of human ovarian cancer cells was associated with the induction of c-myc protooncogene, the expression of this gene in NIH:OVCAR-3 cells was examined. TGF alpha induced increase in c-myc mRNA level, with a peak after 1 h of treatment; this stimulation was dose-dependent, with an optimal concentration of 5 ng/ml TGF alpha. Its primary action is probably at the transcription level since the half-life of c-myc mRNA measured in the presence of actinomycin D was not modified by TGF alpha treatment. In addition, TGF alpha stimulation of c-myc mRNA did not require protein synthesis since it was not suppressed by cycloheximide treatment. Antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide to c-myc specifically inhibited the TGF alpha-stimulated c-Myc protein expression and growth of NIH:OVCAR-3 cells. Our results indicate that induction of c-myc expression by TGF alpha plays an important role in the growth of NIH:OVCAR-3 cells.
Cycloheximide ; Dactinomycin ; Half-Life ; Humans* ; Ovarian Neoplasms* ; RNA, Messenger ; Transforming Growth Factor alpha ; Transforming Growth Factors*

BACKGROUND: Although there have been many studies about onychomycosis, the study about onychomycosis with dermatophytoma has not been reported yet in Korea. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characterictics and treatment strategies of the onychomycosis with dermatophytoma compare with the other onychomycosis. METHODS: In the 5-year period 2007-2011, we reviewed forty five patients with toenail onychomycosis with dermatophytoma, proven by direct potassium hydroxide examination. The etiological agents were identified by cultures on Sabouraud's dextrose agar with and without cycloheximide. To confirm dermatophytoma, we performed histopathologic evaluation of the nail plate by nail clipping. RESULTS: Toenail onychomycosis with dermatophytoma were 2.9% of all onychomycosis. Among the age groups, the incidence rate was highest in the sixties (24.4%). The ratio of male to female patients was 1:1.1. The frequency of associated disease was highest in diabetes mellitus (17.7%). The right great toenail was most common affected nails. Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis (88.9%) was the most common clinical type. The round lesion was most common clinical features of affected area (66.7%), followed by linear lesion (33.3%). Trichophyton rubrum was most common etiological agent (57.8%). The partial removal of the tonail combined with oral and topical antifungal agent was most common in treatment of onychomycosis with dermatophytoma. CONCLUSION: Because of the increase in onychomycosis with dermatophytoma, and its relative resistance to the conventional treatment of onychomycosis, we suggest the need of a careful mycological examination to diagnose the dermatohpytoma in patients with onychomycosis, and we also propose more aggressive treatment strategy is required to treat dermatophytoma.
Agar ; Cycloheximide ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Hydroxides ; Incidence ; Male ; Nails ; Onychomycosis ; Potassium ; Potassium Compounds ; Trichophyton

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether radiation adaptive response could be induced by high dose I-131 therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lymphocytes from 21 patients (7 males, 14 females, mean age 55+/-12 years) were collected before and after administration of 5,550 MBq (150 mCi) I-131. They were exposed to a challenge dose of 1 Gy gamma rays using a Cs-137 cell irradiator. The number of ring-form (R) and dicentric (D) chromosomes was counted under the light microscope, and used to calculate the frequency of chromosomal aberration. Ydr, which was defined as the sum of R and D divided by the total number of counted lymphocytes. RESULTS: Ydr in patients before I-131 therapy (0.09+/-0.01) was not different from that of controls (0.08+/-0.01). Ydr was significantly increased to 0.13+/-0.02 (p<0.0001) after I-131 therapy. Increase of Ydr after the challenge irradiation of 1 Gy was significantly lower in patients after I-131 therapy than before I-131 therapy (0.17+/-0.03 vs 0.21+/-0.02, p<0.0001). Cycloheximide (CHM), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, abolished this effect. Ydr after CHM (0.20+/-0.01) was significantly higher than Ydr after I-131 therapy (0.17+/-0.03, p<0.0001), but was not different from Ydr before I-131 therapy (0.21+/-0.02). CONCLUSION: High dose I-131 therapy induces an adaptive response in peripheral lymphocytes of patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer, which is associated with protein synthesis.
Chromosome Aberrations ; Cycloheximide ; Female ; Gamma Rays ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; Male ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms*

BACKGROUND: Various kinds of pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi have been isolated from the house dust, the closest environment of human beings. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose is to investigate the distribution of yeasts in house dust. METHODS: House dust was sampled from 22 families in Taegu and 56 in a rural town in Kyungpook province for 2 months from May to June, 1992. It was cultivated for years on the media containing cycloheximide (500mg/L) RESULTS: Among 78 families, 56 (71.8%) showed positive culture for yeasts in house dut;1 species in 24 (30.8%), 2 species in 19 (24.3%), 3 species in 12 (15.4%) and 4 species in 1(1.3%). Rhodotorula(Rh). Ruora was the most frequently isolated one from 36(46.2%) out of 78 families, followed by Tricosporn(T.) cutaneum 25(32.1%). Candida (C.) albicans 16 (20.5%), Pityrosporum pachydermatis 4 (5.1%) and Torulopsis candida, Cryptococcus laurentii, C. rugosa and C. guillermondii 1 (1.3%), each. CONCLUSION: Rh. rubra, T. cutaneum and C. albicans were the most important yeast species in the houst dust of both rural and raban areas.
Candida ; Cryptococcus ; Cycloheximide ; Daegu ; Dust* ; Fungi ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Malassezia ; Sweat ; Yeasts*

Murine norovirus (MNV) is a non-enveloped virus with a positive-sense RNA genome and causes lethal infection in mice. MNV has been used as a model virus for human norovirus (NV) whose in vitro cell culture system has not been available to date since MNV and NV are genetically related. In this study, the genome replication of MNV was investigated using strand-specific RT-PCR in RAW264.7 cells. Reverse transcription (RT) using a sense primer followed by PCR showed that negative-sense RNAs were first detected in RAW264.7 cells between 6 and 9 [3 and 6] hours post infection (h.p.i.). However, these negative-sense RNAs were not detected when cells were treated with a translation inhibitor cycloheximide. Then, RT with an antisense primer followed by PCR was performed to detect positive-sense RNAs. RT-PCR results revealed that the amount of positive-sense RNAs began to increase from 9 [6] h.p.i., indicating the accumulation of the newly synthesized (+)RNA genome. Furthermore, cycloheximide abrogated the increase of newly made RNAs during MNV infection. In conclusion, strand-specific RT-PCR using a sense or antisense primer, in combination with cycloheximide treatment, enabled us to detect positive-sense and negative-sense RNAs selectively and provided a useful tool to understand the replication cycle of MNV.
Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cycloheximide ; Genome ; Humans ; Mice ; Norovirus ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA ; Viruses

BACKGROUND: Although tinea pedis is one of the most prevalent diseases caused by dermatophytes, there have been few studies about distribution of dermatophytes on infected soles for this disease in Korea. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the distribution of dermatophytes on infected sole using the new direct culture method (Foot-press method). METHODS: The infected soles of 39 patients were directly pressed onto Sabouraud's dextrose agar with cycloheximide prepared in a large culture dish for a few seconds. The culture media were then incubated at 25degrees C for 1-4 weeks. RESULTS AND CONDLUSION: 1. Dermatophyte colonies were isolated from twenty-eight patients (71.8%). 2. Twenty-four of the isolated dermatophytes were Trichophyton (T.) rubrum (85.7%), and the rest were T. mentagraphytes (14.3%). 3. The number of isolated colonies from each patient range from 1 to 102 (Mean+/-SD, 12.8+/-20.7). Three isolated colonies were most common. 4. The isolation frequencies were higher in the patients of keratotic type and in those with tinea unguium (p<0.05). 5. Positive rate was highest in patients with widely-spread lesion (p<0.05).
Agar ; Arthrodermataceae* ; Culture Media ; Cycloheximide ; Glucose ; Humans ; Korea ; Onychomycosis ; Tinea Pedis* ; Tinea* ; Trichophyton

We report a case of primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in a 63-year-old female, who had a painful deep ulceration on the left forearm for 2 months. Histopathological examination showed numerous encapsulated round spores in the dermis and subcutis. A tissue culture on Sabouraud's media without cycloheximide showed whitish creamy colonies and revealed budding yeast cells in lactophenol cotton blue preparations. The organism was identified as Cryptococcus neoformans. The lesion was successfully treated with oral fluconazole(400 mg/day) for 2 months combined with surgical debridement.
Cryptococcosis* ; Cryptococcus neoformans ; Cycloheximide ; Debridement ; Dermis ; Female ; Fluconazole* ; Forearm ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Saccharomycetales ; Spores ; Ulcer

BACKGROUND: It is known that slippers, shoes, floor, and clothes of common uses are the sources of infection by dermatophytes but there are few reports of culture of it from these environments, especially in Korea. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to evaluate contamination status of the slippers of adult school use by dermatophytes. METHODS: The samples were gathered from 70 pairs of slippers of adult school use with adhesive tape strip method and they were cultured on the media with cycloheximide (500 mg/L) and chloramphenicol (500 mg/L) to control the growth of nondermatophytic fungi. RESULTS: Dermatophytes were isolated from 33 (47.1%) out of a total of 70 pairs of slippers. Twenty four pairs of slippers (34.3%) were contaminated with Trichophyton (T.) mentagrophytes only; 8 (11.4%) with T. rubrum only; 1 (1.4%) with both of them. Thus, T. mentagrophytes was the most common isolate. The number of colonies of T. mentagrophytes, isolated from 25 pairs of slippers, was 97 (mean 3.88/pair), and that of T. rubrum from 9 pairs was 34 (3.78/pair). CONCLUSION: About forty seven percent of slippers of adult school use were contaminated by dermatophytes so that the control of tinea pedis would necessitate the simultaneous treatment of the infected individual and contaminated areas of the environment such as shoes and floor.
Adhesives ; Adult ; Arthrodermataceae* ; Chloramphenicol ; Cycloheximide ; Fungi ; Humans ; Korea ; Shoes ; Tinea Pedis ; Trichophyton