ADP-ribosyl cyclase (ADPR-cyclase) produces a Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger, cyclic ADP- ribose (cADPR), from beta-NAD+. A prototype of mammalian ADPR-cyclases is a lymphocyte antigen CD38. Accumulating evidence indicates that ADPR-cyclases other than CD38 are expressed in various cells and organs. In this study, we discovered a small molecule inhibitor of kidney ADPR-cyclase. This compound inhibited kidney ADPR-cyclase activity but not CD38, spleen, heart or brain ADPR-cyclase activity in vitro. Characterization of the compound in a cell-based system revealed that an extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR)- mediated cADPR production and a later long-lasting increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in mouse mesangial cells were inhibited by the pre-treatment with this compound. In contrast, the compound did not block CD3/TCR-induced cADPR production and the increase of [Ca2+]i in Jurkat T cells, which express CD38 exclusively. The long-lasting Ca2+ signal generated by both receptors was inhibited by pre-treatment with an antagonistic cADPR derivative, 8-Br-cADPR, indicating that the Ca2+ signal is mediated by the ADPR-cyclse metabolite, cADPR. Moreover, among structurally similar compounds tested, the compound inhibited most potently the cADPR production and Ca2+ signal induced by CaSR. These findings provide evidence for existence of a distinct ADPR-cyclase in the kidney and basis for the development of tissue specific inhibitors.
Receptors, Calcium-Sensing/metabolism ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats ; Mice ; Kidney/*enzymology ; Humans ; Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Cyclic ADP-Ribose/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; *Calcium Signaling ; Azo Compounds/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Animals ; ADP-ribosyl Cyclase/*antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism

BACKGROUNDAcute lung injury (ALI) is a common complication of sepsis that is associated with high mortality. Intracellular Ca2+ overload plays an important role in the pathophysiology of sepsis-induced ALI, and cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) is an important regulator of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. The cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38)/cADPR pathway has been found to play roles in multiple inflammatory processes but its role in sepsis-induced ALI is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether the CD38/cADPR signaling pathway is activated in sepsis-induced ALI and whether blocking cADPR-mediated calcium overload attenuates ALI.

METHODSSeptic rat models were established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Rats were divided into the sham group, the CLP group, and the CLP+ 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (8-Br-cADPR) group. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), cADPR, CD38, and intracellular Ca2+ levels in the lung tissues were measured at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after CLP surgery. Lung histologic injury, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-μ, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured.

RESULTSNAD+, cADPR, CD38, and intracellular Ca2+ levels in the lungs of septic rats increased significantly at 24 h after CLP surgery. Treatment with 8-Br-cADPR, a specific inhibitor of cADPR, significantly reduced intracellular Ca2+ levels (P = 0.007), attenuated lung histological injury (P = 0.023), reduced TNF-μ and MDA levels (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively) and recovered SOD activity (P = 0.031) in the lungs of septic rats.

CONCLUSIONSThe CD38/cADPR pathway is activated in the lungs of septic rats, and blocking cADPR-mediated calcium overload with 8-Br-cADPR protects against sepsis-induced ALI.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1 ; metabolism ; Acute Lung Injury ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Cyclic ADP-Ribose ; analogs & derivatives ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sepsis ; complications ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

Contraction of smooth muscle is initiated by an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ leading to activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependnet myosin light chain (MLC) kinase and phosphorylation of MLC. The types of contraction and signaling mechanisms mediating contraction differ depending on the region. The involvement of these different mechanisms varies depending on the source of Ca2+ and the kinetic of Ca2+ mobilization. Ca2+ mobilizing agonists stimulate different phospholipases (PLC-beta, PLD and PLA2) to generate one or more Ca2+ mobilizing messengers (IP3 and AA), and diacylglycerol (DAG), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC). The relative contributions of PLC-beta, PLA2 and PLD to generate second messengers vary greatly between cells and types of contraction. In smooth muscle cell derived form the circular muscle layer of the intestine, preferential hydrolysis of PIP2 and generation of IP3 and IP3-dependent Ca2+ release initiate the contraction. In smooth muscle cells derived from longitudinal muscle layer of the intestine, preferential hydrolysis of PC by PLA2, generation of AA and AA-mediated Ca2+ influx, cADP ribose formation and Ca2+/-induced Ca2+ release initiate the contraction. Sustained contraction, however, in both cell types is mediated by Ca2+/-independent mechanism involving activation of PKC- epsilon by DAG derived form PLD. A functional linkage between G13, RhoA, ROCK, PKC- epsilon, CPI-17 and MLC phosphorylation in sustained contraction has been implicated. Contraction of normal esophageal circular muscle (ESO) in response to acetylcholine (ACh) is linked to M2 muscarinic receptors activating at least three intracellular phospholipases, i.e. phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), phospholipase D (PLD) and the high molecular weight (85 kDa) cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) to induce phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism, production of diacylglycerol (DAG) and arachidonic acid (AA), resulting in activation of a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent pathway. In contrast, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) contraction induced by maximally effective doses of ACh is mediated by muscarinic M3 receptors, linked to pertussis toxin-insensitive GTP-binding proteins of the Gq/11 type. They activate phospholipase C, which hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2), producing inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP3) and DAG. IP3 causes release of intracellular Ca2+ and formation of a Ca2+/-calmodulin complex, resulting in activation of myosin light chain kinase and contraction through a calmodulin-dependent pathway.
Acetylcholine ; Arachidonic Acid ; Cyclic ADP-Ribose ; Cytosol ; Esophageal Sphincter, Lower ; GTP-Binding Proteins ; Hydrolysis ; Inositol ; Intestines ; Metabolism ; Molecular Weight ; Muscle, Smooth* ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; Myosin Light Chains ; Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase ; Negotiating ; Phosphatidylcholines ; Phosphatidylinositols ; Phospholipase D ; Phospholipases ; Phospholipases A2 ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases ; Protein Kinase C ; Receptor, Muscarinic M3 ; Receptors, Muscarinic ; Second Messenger Systems ; Type C Phospholipases ; Whooping Cough