Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Child ; Humans ; Macrolides ; pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo study the Kv1.3 channel expression changes after CD4(+) and subsets CD28(null)/CD28(+)T cells activation in peripheral blood of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

METHODSCD4(+)T cell in 27 ACS patients and CD4(+)CD28(null)/CD4(+)CD28(+)T cells in 12 out of these 27 ACS patients were isolated from peripheral blood with magnetic cell sorting. The whole-cell Kv1.3 currents for three T cells were recorded with patch-clamp technique before and 72 hours after activation by purified anti-human CD3 Interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), granzyme B mRNA expression were determined by reverse transcription-PCR before and 72 hours after activation by purified anti-human CD3 in the presence or absence of recombinant Margatoxin (rMgTX, 0.1, 1, 10 nmol/L), a specific Kv1.3 channel blocker.

RESULTSPeak Kv1.3 channel currents of CD4(+), CD4(+)CD28(null), CD4(+)CD28(+)T cells were significantly increased and the mean Kv1.3 channel numbers per cell of these cells were increased by about 90%, 60%, 80% (402 +/- 88 vs. 752 +/- 275, 553 +/- 328 vs. 874 +/- 400, 392 +/- 133 vs. 716 +/- 251, all P < 0.05) after activation compared to baseline values. Baseline CD4(+)CD28(null)T cell numbers were about 40% more than those of CD4(+)CD28(+)T cell (P < 0.05) and were similar after activation (P = 0.102). The mRNA expression of interferon gamma, TNF-alpha and granzyme B were dose-dependently down-regulated by rMgTX.

CONCLUSIONSKv1.3 channels of peripheral CD4(+)T cell and CD28(null)/CD28(+)T cells from ACS patients significantly increased after activation and Kv1.3-specific channel blocker rMgTX could effectively abolish this effect suggesting a potential role of Kv1.3 channel blocker on plaque stabilization in ACS patients.

Acute Coronary Syndrome ; blood ; metabolism ; CD28 Antigens ; metabolism ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Kv1.3 Potassium Channel ; metabolism ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEIn order to discuss the chemical foundation of hematopoietic effect of Siwu Tang, three fractions of different polarities (C1, C2 and C3) were prepared from Siwu Tang and the characteristics of these fractions' constituents were investigated.

METHODFraction C1, C2 and C3 of Siwu Tang and corresponding fractions of Siwu Tang's four ingredient drugs were analyzed and compared, synthetically using the three methods of high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS).

RESULTFraction C1 of Siwu Tang contained various types of compounds, including ferulic acid, paeoniflorin and supposedly ligustilide, etc. Saccharide content in fraction C1 was very little. The major constituents in fraction C2 of Siwu Tang were paeoniflorin, monosaccaride and disaccharide. The major constituents in fraction C3 of Siwu Tang were monosaccaride and disaccharide.

CONCLUSIONWith synthetical chromatographic and direct infusion ESI-MS methods, abundant information on composition of fractions of traditional Chinese medicine formulas can be obtained. The results gained with different methods can be compared with each other and corroborate each other, so that the obtained information can be more comprehensive and more definite than that gained with single method. The results of this study are important as references for the discussion of the chemical foundation of hematopoietic effect of Siwu Tang.

Angelica sinensis ; chemistry ; Benzoates ; analysis ; Bridged-Ring Compounds ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Coumaric Acids ; analysis ; Disaccharides ; analysis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Glucosides ; analysis ; Ligusticum ; chemistry ; Monosaccharides ; analysis ; Monoterpenes ; Paeonia ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rehmannia ; chemistry ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

OBJECTIVETo establish a quick method to detect drug resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and study the condition of drug resistance in MP infection.

METHODSMP 23S rRNA target gene in throat swab specimens from 200 patients with suspected MP infection was detected by using nested PCR and DNA sequencing. The result of 23S rRNA gene detection was confirmed by MP isolation and drug susceptibility test in vitro for reliability.

RESULTSOf the 200 clinical specimens, 64 were proved to be positive for MP through MP-IgM antibody, MP specific 16S rRNA nested PCR and MP isolation . The 23S rRNA gene was amplified and the gene sequence was compared with MP reference strain in Genbank, 26 were identical to the reference strain, 38 had a point mutation in 23S rRNA. Among them, 35 had A to G mutation at position 2063, 1 had A to C mutation at position 2063 and 2 had A to G mutation at position 2064, the percentage of drug resistance was 59.4%. The sensitivity of the gene detection method was 10(2) ccu/ml and it was confirmed to be reliable by MP isolation and drug susceptibility test.

CONCLUSIONSThe gene detection method could detect MP drug resistant gene directly from clinical specimen, which has the advantages of high specificity, high sensitivity and quickness. It is of great significance for diagnosis of MP infection because MP isolation is difficult and time-consuming.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; Genes, rRNA ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Point Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Bacterial ; genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S ; genetics

Abstract: Objective　To analyze the pathogenic characteristics and epidemiological significance of human plague related strains in Qinghai Province in recent 30 years, so as to provide scientific basis for on-the-spot disposal and prevention and control measures of plague outbreak in Qinghai Province. Methods　A total of 35 strains of Yersinia pestis isolated from 29 typical human plague outbreaks in Qinghai Province from 1980 to 2011 were selected and studied by biochemical fermentation experiments. Virulence factors detection of Fraction 1 antigen (Fra1), virulence antigen (VW), pigmentation (Pgm) and Yersinia pestis Ⅰ (PstⅠ), determinants and genotyping of differential regions (DFRs) were used to study the pathogenic characteristics. At the same time, according to the epidemic situation of human and animal plague in Qinghai Province in recent years, the current situation of plague prevention and control and epidemic characteristics were analyzed. Results　The biotypes of 35 strains of Yersinia pestis were classical, and the biotypes of 29 strains (82.86%) were of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau type, mainly distributed in southern Qinghai and around lake areas, 2 strains (5.71%) belonged to Qilian Mountains type, mainly distributed in Qilian mountains, and 6 genotypes were identified by DFR. Among them, 16 were type 5, 12 were type 8, 2 were type 10, 1 was type 36, 3 were type 30 and 1 was type 1b, the strains of type 5 and 1b were mainly distributed around the lake and the southern foot of Qilian Mountains, while the strains of type 8, 10, 36 and 30 were mainly distributed in the southern part of Qinghai. Conclusions　The pathogen of Yersinia pestis in Qinghai Plateau has complex biochemical types, the epidemic situation among animals is continuous year after year, the situation of prevention and control is serious, the occurrence and prevalence of plague seriously endanger people's health and social development, so it is necessary to do a solid job in the prevention and control of plague to ensure the safety of people's lives.

By consulting ancient herbal medicines and medical books， combined with modern documents and field investigations， the textual research of Pheretima has been conducted to verify the name， origin， producing area， quality， harvesting and processing changes， and sort out the relationship of origin between ancient and modern times， so as to provide reference and basis for the development and utilization of the related famous classical formulas. Through textual research， it is known that there are many aliases for Pheretima， the rectification of name was "Qiuyin" or "Baijing Qiuyin" in materia medica books. In the Song dynasty and later prescription books， the prescription name is mostly Dilong. From the beginning of Yaowu Chuchanbian （《药物出产辨》）， Dilong was used as the rectification of name. It is widely distributed in our country， which is produced all over the country and mostly wild. According to ancient Pheretima with "Baijing Dilong"， "Jingbai Shenzi" and "Datiao" as the principles of medicine， combined with historical origin， producing area and easy access， it is confirmed that Pheretima used in ancient times to the present is mainly Pheretima aspergillum， and it also has many other Qiuyin as Pheretima for medicinal purposes. Chinese Pharmacopoeia has unified the origin of the Pheretima since the 1995 edition based on historical origins and actual harvesting conditions. The medicinal material processed by P. aspergillum was called Guangdilong， and the medicinal materials processed by P. vulgaris， P. guillelmi and P. pectinifera were called Hudilong. Since then， all the herbal books published in the future are in line with Chinese Pharmacopoeia that was implemented at that time. The authentic production areas of Guangdilong are Guangdong and Guangxi， and the authentic production areas of Hudilong is Jiangsu， Shanghai， Zhejiang and Anhui. The Guangdilong produced in Guangdong and Guangxi has the best quality. After harvesting， remove the soil and offal， wash and dry. Clinically cut into sections for medicine， or prepare medicine according to prescription. The Pheretima in ancient used "Baijing Dilong"， "Jingbai Shenzi" and "Datiao" as the mainstream quality evaluation standards. According to historical origins， P. aspergillum should be the main source of Pheretima， and its quality is better than other species. Therefore， it is recommended that Pheretima in Shentong Zhuyutang use P. aspergillum， which is produced in Guangdong， Guangxi and other places. After harvest， the abdomen was opened in time to remove the viscera and sediment， washed and dried.

By consulting ancient Chinese herbal medicines and medical books， combined with modern documents， the textual research of Polygonati Rhizoma has been conducted to verify the name， origin， bitter-flavored Polygonatum species， Latin name evolution， origin， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing changes， so as to provide reference and basis for the development and utilization of the famous classical formulas. Through textual research， it can be seen that there are many other names for Polygonati Rhizoma， and Huangjing is the correct name since Mingyi Bielu. Based on the original research， it is concluded that P. sibiricum and P. cyrtonema were the mainstream of Polygonati Rhizoma before the Tang dynasty， and P. kingianum was added in the Qing dynasty. According to the shape of medicinal materials， these Polygonatum species were called Jitou Huangjing， Jiangxing Huangjing and Dahuangjing. The harvest time of Polygonati Rhizoma is spring and autumn. After harvest， it is steamed and dried in the sun， and its processing method is mainly "nine steaming and nine storms". Bitter-flavored Polygonatum is mainly P. cirrhifolium， P. zanlanscianense， P. curvistylum and P. verticillatum， which are not suitable for medicine. Based on textual research， it is recommended that when developing famous classical formulas and health products with Polygonati Rhizoma as the main raw material， the origin and producing area should be clear and fixed， and P. sibiricum or P. cyrtonema with clear origin should be used. It is necessary to conduct germplasm survey and sampling in the producing area， establish a planting base and a traceability system for Polygonati Rhizoma， in order to control the quality and stabilize the efficacy of the products. The processing method of Polygonati Rhizoma can be determined according to the product function positioning.

The research studies the effect of different fertilization treatments on yield and accumulation of secondary metabolites of Codonopsis pilosula by using single factor randomized block design, in order to ensure reasonable harvesting time and fertilization ratio, and provide the basis for standardized cultivation of C. pilosula. According to the clustering results, the nitrogen fertilizer benefitted for the improvement of root diameter and biomass of C. pilosula. The phosphate fertilizer could promote the content of C. pilosula polysaccharide. The organic fertilizers could increase the content of lobetyolin. With the time going on, C. pilosula's yield, polysaccharide and ehanol-soluble extracts increased while the content of lobetyolin decreased. According to various factors, October is a more reasonable harvest period. Organic fertilizers are more helpful to the yield and accumulation of secondary metabolites of C. pilosula.

Objective To identify the environmental factors affecting the geographical distribution of Rhipicephalus microplus in China, and to examine the impact of climate changes on the distribution of R. microplus in China. Methods The national and international publications pertaining to the geographical distribution of R. microplus in China were retrieved, and the geographical location was extracted. The suitable habitats of R. microplus and the dominant environmental factors affecting the distribution of suitable habitats of R. microplus were predicted in China based on the geographical data and environmental variables using the ArcGIS 10.7 software and the maximum entropy model. Results Among the main climatic factors affecting the geographical distribution of R. microplus in China, the factors contributing more than 10% to the suitable habitats of R. microplus mainly include the annual mean precipitation (38.2%), the average temperature of the coldest quarter (28.4%) and the precipitation of the driest month (14.2%). The current suitable habitats of R. microplus were mainly found in southern China, and the high-, medium- and low-suitable areas accounted for 8.6%, 13.1% and 10.5% of the total land area of China, respectively. The suitable habitats of R. microplus were predicted to increase by 399 800 km² in China using the maximum entropy model under the RCP 4.5 emissions scenario in 2070, and the emerging suitable habitats were mainly distributed in Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Hebei Province, Shaanxi Province, Liaoning Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Shandong Province, Sichuan Province and Tibeten Autonomous Region. In addition, the suitable habitats of R. microplus were predicted to show an overall expansion towards northward from present to 2070. Conclusions Climate changes affect the distribution of suitable habitats of R. microplus in China, and annual mean precipitation may be a key factor affecting the distribution of suitable habitats of R. microplus.

Objective To evaluate the impact of environmental and climatic factors on the distribution of suitable habitats of Haemaphysalis longicornis, and to predict the potential distribution of H. longicornis under different climate patterns in China. Methods Data pertaining to the distribution of H. longicornis were retrieved from public literatures. The effects of 19 climatic factors (annual mean temperature, annual mean temperature difference between day and night, isothermality, standard deviation of seasonal variation of temperature, maximum temperature of the warmest month, minimum temperature of the coldest month, temperature annual range, mean temperature of the wettest season, mean temperature of the driest season, mean temperature of the warmest season, mean temperature of the coldest season, annual mean precipitation, precipitation of the wettest month, precipitation of the driest month, coefficient of variance of precipitation, precipitation of the wettest season, precipitation of the driest season, precipitation of the warmest season and precipitation of the coldest season) and 4 environmental factors (elevation, slope, slope aspect and vegetation coverage) on the potential distribution of H. longicornis were assessed using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model based on the H. longicornis distribution data and climatic and environmental data, and the potential distribution of H. longicornis was predicted under the RCP 2.6 and 8.5 emissions scenarios. Results Among the environmental and climatic factors affecting the geographical distribution of H. longicornis in China, the factors contributing more than 10% to the distribution of H. longicornis mainly included the precipitation of the driest month (26.0%), annual mean temperature (11.2%), annual mean precipitation (10.0%) and elevation (24.2%). Under the current climate pattern, the high-, medium- and low-suitable habitats of H. longicornis are 1 231 900, 1 696 200 km² and 1 854 400 km² in China, respectively. The distribution of H. longicornis increased by 336 100 km² and 367 300 km² in 2050 and 2070 under the RCP 2.6 emissions scenario, and increased by 381 000 km² and 358 000 km² in 2050 and 2070 under the RCP 8.5 emissions scenario in China, respectively. Conclusions Climatic and environmental factors, such as precipitation, temperature and elevation, greatly affect the distribution of H. longicornis in China, and the suitable habitats of H. longicornis may expand in China under different climate patterns in future.