A systematic mosquito taxonomic study in Korea was established by Lee in 1971. Since then, many species have been recorded as new to Korea. However, much of this taxonomic information has been distributed in a number of scientific publications. This work attempts to combine this information into a single document, as well as to synthesize revised taxonomic synonyms of species occurring in Korea. Four species, Culex vorax, Culex kangi, Aedes kobayashii and Culiseta kanayamensis listed in our previous paper, are synonyms of Culex halifaxii, Culex jacksoni, Aedes alektorovi and Culiseta bergrothi, respectively. Culex annulus is a misidentified species of Culex pseudovishnui. The subspecies Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and subgenus Mansonia (Coquillettidia) were treated as full species and genus respectively in a catalog of the mosquitoes of the world. However, not all current authors agree to those specific and generic treatment. Based on available publications the total number of mosquito species recorded in Korea is now 52 representing 9 genera. Forty-five of these 52 are confirmed species with preserved specimen representation. As collection of specimen continues, there is a possibility that representative of 7 unconfirmed species will be found. I hope this paper will provide useful information for entomology workers who are interested in mosquito taxonomy in Korea.
parasitology-arthropoda ; mosquito ; taxonomy ; Culex halifaxii ; Culex jacksoni ; Aedes alektorovi ; Culiseta bergrothi ; Culex pseudovishnui ; Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus ; Mansonia

This paper is the result of adult female mosquito and larval collection in U.S. Army Installations in Korea from 1979 to 1983. New Jersey light traps ere operated for ault collection from May to October. The primary concern of this surveillance is to determine when to recommend insecticide spraying for mosquito control in the Army areas. The 5th Preventive Medicine Unit have developed an "index" level of female mosquitoes in a light trap similar to other U.S.Army Agencies in other parts of the world. When 10 female mosquitoes are reached on two consecutive trap-night, or 5 known vector females are collected, fogging is recommended in the trap areas. Mosquito collections were conducted in 12 U.S. Army areas by operating 39 New Jersey light traps. Mosquitoes collected from the areas were identified to be 17 species comprising 3 genera. Anopheles sinensis(40%). Culex tritaeniorhyncus(31%), Aedes vexans nipponii(19%), and Culex pipiens pallens(10%) appeared to be the most common species in the area. The species, population density and monthly appearance of adult mosquitoes were found to be almost the same in the all provinces involved. And Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes, Culex tritaeniorhyncus, showed their seasonal fluctuation from July to September with a peak in August each year. 3. Larval habitats confirmed in the Army areas were categorized into 16 types as shown in Table The mosquito larvae collected in those habitats were identified to be 15 species representign 4 genera. Most breeding sites in the Army areas were those which are activated during the wet season. More mosquitoes were collected from the Kyungki province than from the other provinces. The reason for more collection of mosquitoes from military installations in the Kyungki provinces appears to be the geographic characteritics surrounded by rice fields, marshes and other stagnant water areas.
parasitology-arthropoda-mosquito ; taxonomy ; epidemiology ; Anopheles sinensis ; Culex tritaeniorhyncus ; Aedes vexans nipponii ; Culex pipiens pallens

In order to determine the seasonal prevalence and population density of vector mosquitoes in Kyungpook province, a survey based on average number of female mosquito per trap-night, were carried out during the period from May to November in 1984. Among the 34,571 mosquitoes collected in Kyungsan county in animal shelters and human dwellings by light traps, approximately 45.0 % were Culex tritaeniorhynchus, 34. 0 % per cent Culex pipiens pallens, and 19.0 per cent Anopheles sinensis. By comparison, distribution of mosquito species in Ankang town, in which Japanese encephalitis had been reported in the past, were quite different and A. sinensis was the most abundant species, being constituted in 75.8 per cent, followed by C. tritaeniorhynchus(23. 2 percent), and C. pipiens pallens(0. 6 per cent). In the general patten of seasonal prevalence, C. tritaeniorhynchus first appeared in mid-June, and trapped in large numbers during the periods from mid-August to early September, showing a simple sharply pointed one-peaked curve, while C. pipiens pallens was found to be active through almost the entire season showing irregular curves with several peaks. The trend of seasonal distribution of A. sinensis was similar to that of C. tritaeniorhynchus, but the earliest dates of appearance and disappearance different form that of C. tritaeniorhynchus. The results of hourly catches of mosquitoes by human baited traps have clearly shown the differences in the biting rhythm among the vector mosquitoes of this province, such as the facts that C. tritaeniorhynchus and A. sinensis are rather constantly active all through a night with more or less inconspicuous peaks twice a night, while C. pipiens pallens exhibits an irregular curve, and the numbers of A. vexans nipponii, C. vagans and Armigeres subalbatus are very small and are not sufficient for estimating the biting rhythm. Four genera and fourteen species of larval mosquitoes collected from eighteen kinds of habitats which classified according to the categories followed by Bates(1949). The main breeding sites contributing to peak C. tritaeniorhynchus adult densities in this surveyed areas were evidently ricefields, ground pools, puddles and swamps and marshes, etc. Summarizing the results, this study indicated that the highest population density of C. tritaeniorhynchus was encountered in late August and early September, showing simple sharply pointed one-peaked curve.
parasitology-arthropoda ; mosquito-epidemiology ; Culex tritaeniorhynchus ; Culex pipiens pallens ; Anopheles sinensis

For the determination/confirmation of the vector species of Japanese encephalitis in Korea and for the study of their bionomics, a preliminary assessment of different collecting methods of sampling mosquito population was undertaken. Man-biting catches, cow-biting catches, pig-baited window-trap hut, light trap, dry ice trap and man-baited double net were employed. The advnntages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. A pig-baited window-trap hut and cow-biting catches outdoors are considered the best ways of collecting large numbers of Culex tritaeniorhynchus summorosus, the most important vector of Japanese encephalitis, for virus isolation and insecticide susceptility testing. The latter method requires, however, more man-power. Light traps set in a pigsty or cowshed are the simplest and most convenient tools for studying tne mosquito population density and seasonal prevalence.
parasitology-arthropoda ; Japanese encephalitis ; vector ; mosquito ; Culex tritaeniorhynchus summorosus

During the summer season(July-August) in 1967, the insecticide tests for resistance on adult A. sinensis and C. tritaeniorhynchus were carried out in Gobu-Myun Jeongup-Gun, Chollapuk-Do, where many Japanese encephalitis cases occur every year. The mortality by 4.0% DDT in A. sinensis was 88.9% and by 4.0% dieldrin was 84.4%. Therefore the LC-50 of DDT for A. sinensis was 1.75%, while LC-50 of dieldrin was 1.1%. The mortality by 4.0% DDT in C. tritaeniorhynchus was 36.7%, and by 4.0% dieldrin was 6.0% The result indicates that A. sinensis in Korea is susceptible to DDT and resistant to dieldrin. C. tritaeniorhynchus is highly resistant to both DDT and dieldrin.
parasitology-arthropoda ; vector ; mosquito ; Culex tritaeniorhynchus ; Anopheles sinensis ; chemotherapy ; DDT ; dieldrin

The present studies were carried out, under natural room condition from June to July in 1969. The period required for growth of eggs and larva varied according to various temperatures and methods of rearing. The average number of eggs laid by the Culex pipiens pallens was 137 per egg raft. The period of gonotrophic cycle was from 3 to 6 days: incubation period of eggs was from 1.5 to 2 days: larva period was from 10 to 14 days: pupa period was from 2 to 3 days. Accordingly, the period from the beginning of gonotrophic cycle to the adult mosquitos in next generation required 25 days at the longest and 16.5 days at the shortest.
parasitology-arthropodology-Culex pipiens pallens ; life cycle ; egg ; pupa ; larva ; mosquito

Filarial adult were found in the intermuscular connective tissue of the peritracheal and mandibular region of the Taiwan monkey(Macaca cyclopis). The microfilariae in the peripheral blood demonstrated a marked nocturnal periodicity with a peak between 2100-0100 hours and a low diurnal minimum between 900 and 1300 hours. Staining the microfilaria by various stains demonstrated differences in size. No development of microfilariae was detected in the Culex fatigans, Culex tritaeniohyncus, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles minimus, Armigeres subalbatus or Mansonia uniformis mosquitoes.
parasitology ; epidmiology ; monkey ; mosquito ; protozoa ; Brugia malayi ; microfilaria ; Culex fatigans ; Culex tritaeniohyncus ; Aedes albopictus ; Anopheles minimus ; Armigeres subalbatus ; Mansonia uniformis mosquitoes

Wuchereria bancrofti, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens are filarial nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles genera. Screening by vector dissection is a tiresome technique. We aimed to screen filarial parasites in their vectors by single and multiplex PCR and evaluate the usefulness of multiplex PCR as a rapid xenomonitoring and simultaneous differentiation tool, in area where 3 filarial parasites are coexisting. Female mosquitoes were collected from 7 localities in Assiut Governorate, were microscopically identified and divided into pools according to their species and collection site. Detection of W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens using single PCR was reached followed by multiplex PCR. Usefulness of multiplex PCR was evaluated by testing mosquito pools to know which genera and species are used by filarial parasites as a vector. An overall estimated rate of infection (ERI) in mosquitoes was 0.6%; the highest was Culex spp. (0.47%). W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens could be simultaneously and differentially detected in infected vectors by using multiplex PCR. Out of 100 mosquito pools, 8 were positive for W. bancrofti (ERI of 0.33%) and 3 pools each were positive for D. immitis and D. repens (ERI 0.12%). The technique showed 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity. El-Nikhila, El-Matiaa villages, and Sahel Seleem district in Assiut Governorate, Egypt are still endemic foci for filarial parasites. Multiplex PCR offers a reliable procedure for molecular xenomonitoring of filariasis within their respective vectors in endemic areas. Therefore, it is recommended for evaluation of mosquito infection after lymphatic filariasis eradication programs.
Aedes/*parasitology ; Animals ; Anopheles/*parasitology ; Culex/*parasitology ; Dirofilaria immitis/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Dirofilaria repens/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Egypt ; Entomology/methods ; Female ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Parasitology/methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Wuchereria bancrofti/genetics/*isolation & purification

Wuchereria bancrofti, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens are filarial nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles genera. Screening by vector dissection is a tiresome technique. We aimed to screen filarial parasites in their vectors by single and multiplex PCR and evaluate the usefulness of multiplex PCR as a rapid xenomonitoring and simultaneous differentiation tool, in area where 3 filarial parasites are coexisting. Female mosquitoes were collected from 7 localities in Assiut Governorate, were microscopically identified and divided into pools according to their species and collection site. Detection of W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens using single PCR was reached followed by multiplex PCR. Usefulness of multiplex PCR was evaluated by testing mosquito pools to know which genera and species are used by filarial parasites as a vector. An overall estimated rate of infection (ERI) in mosquitoes was 0.6%; the highest was Culex spp. (0.47%). W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens could be simultaneously and differentially detected in infected vectors by using multiplex PCR. Out of 100 mosquito pools, 8 were positive for W. bancrofti (ERI of 0.33%) and 3 pools each were positive for D. immitis and D. repens (ERI 0.12%). The technique showed 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity. El-Nikhila, El-Matiaa villages, and Sahel Seleem district in Assiut Governorate, Egypt are still endemic foci for filarial parasites. Multiplex PCR offers a reliable procedure for molecular xenomonitoring of filariasis within their respective vectors in endemic areas. Therefore, it is recommended for evaluation of mosquito infection after lymphatic filariasis eradication programs.
Aedes/*parasitology ; Animals ; Anopheles/*parasitology ; Culex/*parasitology ; Dirofilaria immitis/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Dirofilaria repens/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Egypt ; Entomology/methods ; Female ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Parasitology/methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Wuchereria bancrofti/genetics/*isolation & purification

BACKGROUND: We analysed 205 cases of parasitic infection that were confirmed at Dept. of Parasitology, Hanyang University, College of Medicine from January 1986 to December 2003. METHODS: Parasitic worms were observed on gross examination or light microscope after treatment with lactophenol. Stool was examined with formalin-ether method for detection of eggs or protozoal cysts and scotch tape method was used for E. vermicularis eggs. In case of S. stercoralis, stool sample was incubated at 26degrees C for 48 to 72 h to confirm filariform larvae. Commercial ELISA kit for T. canis and ELISA test with hydatid cystic fluid from a patient were evaluated. Tissues were stained H&E after 10% formalin fixation and observed under the light microscope. RESULTS: There were detected 31 species of parasite among 205 specimens. Nematodes of 84 cases (41.5%), Anisakis sp., P. decipiens, E. vermicularis and T. callipaeda, visceral larva migrans, T. trichiura, A. lumbricoides, S. stercoralis, cutaneous larva migrans, Mammomonogamus sp. were observed. Cestodes of 41 cases (21.0%), D. latum, sparganum, T. saginata, cysticercus cellulosae, hydatid cyst and trematodes of 34 cases (16.6%), C. sinensis, M. yokogawai, P. westermani and N. seoulense were noted. Protozoa of 34 cases (16.6%), E. histolytica, E. dispar, T. vaginalis, Plasmodium sp. G. lamblia, E. coli, E. nana, P. carinii and arthropoda of 11 cases (5.4%), I. nipponensis, P. pubis, T. floricolum and Culex sp. larva were classified. CONCLUSIONS: Food-borne parasitic infections were distinctly noted in this analysis. And raw food or water are important as a source of parasitic infection in the future.
Anisakis ; Arthropods ; Cestoda ; Culex ; Cysticercus ; Echinococcosis ; Eggs ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Formaldehyde ; Giardia ; Helminths ; Humans ; Larva ; Larva Migrans ; Larva Migrans, Visceral ; Ovum ; Parasites* ; Parasitology ; Plasmodium ; Sparganum