Objective To study the acute toxic reaction of Tang-zhi-ping granule on mice. Methods The maximum concentration of Tang-zhi-ping granule was administrated to mice with no dead mice was found. LD50 did not be found, so we detected the maximum administration dosage. Results The maximum administration dosage of tang-zhi-ping granule was 85.72 g/kg, equaling to 296 times of clinical daily dose which is 0.29 g/kg. Conclusion Tang-zhi-ping granule is determined by acute toxicity study to be safe and having no toxicity.

Objective To explore the effects of Tangzhiping granules on the blood glucose and IGF-Ⅰ in T2DM rats.Methods 40 SPF grade Wistar rats whose weight were about (200±20)g were selected as the subjects for this study,one half were male and another half were female.After be adapted to the normal food for 1 week,8 rats were selected randomly from all of rats following their weight as the blank group (ordinary feed).The remaining the others were fed with the high-fat and high-sugar food.The 6th week,the other rats would be undergo intraperitoneal injection once in left lower belly with 40 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ),and enable them to become T2DM rats.The 8th week,we would select successful animal models 32 which were divided randomly into a modle group,a Tangmaikang (TMK) granules group,a Tangzhiping granules (TZP)group.The 12th week,we would execute all of rats and collect the blood serums which were tested for the blood glucose and IGF-Ⅰ.Results () Compared model group with blank group,the levels of the blood glucose of the model group increased to (28.33±0.50)mmol/L,while the IGF-Ⅰ decreased to (3.40 ± 0.83) pg/ml,which showed the model of type 2 diabetic rats was successfully set up.② The levels of the blood glucose of the Tangzhiping granules group and Tangmaikang granules group were lower than that of the model group to (15.06±0.39)mm ol/L,(20.12±0.58)mmol/L,but the levels of the IGF-Ⅰ were higher to (9.39±2.91)pg/ml,(5.58± 1.09)pg/ml,which implied that each group of pharmacological treatment had a good effect.③ The level of the blood glucose and IGF-Ⅰ of the Tangzhiping granules group was also significantly different from that of the Tangmaikang granule group,the therapeutic effect of Tangzhiping granules group was better than that of Tangmaikang granules group.Conclusion Tangzhiping granules can reduce the blood glucose of T2DM rats.And also can increase IGF-Ⅰ of T2DM rats.Tangzhiping granules can improve the various symptoms of diabetes mellitus at the same time.

Objective To investigate value of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography timingexcursion parametric index and 17 segment volume curves index in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericardits.MethodsSeventeen patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy (proven by biopsy) ,six patients with constrictive pericardits (proven by CT or surgical),twenty subjects with normal left ventricular(LV) function were examined by Philips iE33 with X3-1 probe.Results Parameter index of Tmsv 16-SD,Tmsv 12-SD Tmsv 6-SD,Tmsv 16-Dif,Tmsv 12-Dif,Tmsv 6-Dif,Tmsv 16-SD(%) ,Tmsv 12-SD(%),Tmsv 6-SD(%),Tmsv 16-Dif(%),Tmsv 12-Dif(%),Tmsv 6-Dif(%) was significantly higher in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy than that in subjects with normal LV function(all P ＜0.05).Average and maximum value and minimum of excursion was significantly lower in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy than that in subjects with normal LV function (all P ＜0.005).Whereas,compare with subjects with normal LV function,the parametric indexes of timing-excursion and 17 segment volume curves were not significantly difference in patients with constrictive pericardits(all P ＞0.05).Conclusions Realtime three-dimensional echocardiography can evaluate and diagnose fastly restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericardits.

Objective To evaluate peak rotation in the endocardium(endo)and epicardium(epi)and peak mural torsion in patients with anterior wall acute myocardial infarction(AMI)before and after revascularization by speckle tracking imaging(STI).Methods The study comprised 20 normal controls and 21 consecutive xpatients with a first-episode anterior wall AMI with stenosis of the left anterior descending artery.All patients underwent Successful percutaneous coronary intervention within 12h onset of AMI.During one month, two patients were ruled OUt because one died of heart failure and the other suffered from persistent atrial fibrillation.Conventional echocardiography and STI were performed in normal controls and AMI patients before and one month after revascularization.Results In the left ventricle(LV)apical and basal level,peak endo-and epi-rotation and peak mural torsion in AMI patients were significantly reduced relative to those of normal control group(all P<0.01).One month after revascularization,there were significant changes in these three variables,especially in peak endorotation(P<0.01).Peak apical endo-rotation positively correlated with LV ejection fraction(LVEF)(r=0.717,P<0.01)and inversely correlated with LV end-diastolic volume(EDV)(r=-0.694,P<0.05).However,tight relations were not found among other variables at the two planes.Conclusions Peak endo-and epi-rotation and peak mural torsion can make the sensitive assessment of abnormal myocardial contractile performancein AMI patients using STI.

Objective To investigate the value of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography timing-excursion parametric index and 17 segment volume curves index in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy.Methods Eight patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy (proven by biopsy),twenty eight subjects with normal left ventricular(LV) function were examined by Philips iE33 with X3-1 probe.Results Parameter index of the SD and maximum difference of Tmsv of 16 segments,12 segments,and 6 basal segments(Tmax 16SD,Tmsv-12SD Tmsv -6SD,Tmsv-16Dif,Tmsv-12 Dif,Tmsv-6Dif,Tmsv 16-SD%,Tmsv 12-SD%,Tmsv 6-SD%,Tmsv 16-Dif%,Tmsv 12-Dif%,Tmsv 6-Dif%) was significantly higher in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy than that in subjects with normal LV function(all P＜0.001).Average and maximum value and minimum of excursion was significantly lower in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy than that in subjects with normal LV function(P＜0.001,P＜0.005,P＜0.005).And parameter index of 17 segment volume curves index showed higher sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value and negative predictive value for diagnose restrictive cardiomyopathy.Conclusions Real-time threedimensional echocardiography can evaluate and diagnose restrictive cardiomyopathy fastly.

Estrogen is an important active endogenous substance which is needed by female to sustain normal psychological and physiological function.Studies have demonstrated that estrogen has an extensive effect on the central nervous system.This review explained the relation between estrogen and learning on a few aspects such as neurobiochemistry,neurophysiology,neuroanatomy,signal transduction and so on.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the alternations of left ventricular (LV) torsion of myocardial ischemia before and after reperfusion using speckle tracking imaging (STI).MethodsFourteen open-chest pigs underwent randomizedly 1 minute (group A) or 15 minutes (group B) of left anterior descending (LAD) ligation and followed up for 1 week.Torsion of LV in both groups were quantified by STI before LAD occlusion,LAD occlusion immediately,and 1-,5-,30-,60-,90-minute and 1-week after reperfusion.ResultsOne minute after reflow,decreased peak apical rotation and peak LV torsion fully recovered in the inner layer in group A.In contrast,there was a brief resumption in group B during 30min after reflow from (6.5 ± 0.8)° to (3.4 ± 1.2)°( P ＜0.01 ) and from (7.8 ± 1.0)° to (6.1 ± 1.1 ) ° ( P ＜0.01 ),respectively.Peak LV subepicardial torsion increased gradually after reperfusion.Conclusions As a result of various durations of ischemia,peak torsion in subendocardium and subepicardium change differently before and after reflow.STI may be suitable for evaluation of the extent of ischemia by noninvasive quantification of torsion in subendocardium and subepicardium.Therefore,duration of assessment of myocardial ischemia can be prolonged.

Objective To evaluate left ventricular rotation and torsion and its early recovery after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with coronary heart disease and normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) using two dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography.Methods Twenty three consecutive patients with coronary heart disease and normal LVEF were divided into group B (with coronary stenosis ＜70％) and group C (with coronary stenosis ＞70％ and with PCI).Along with 11 healthy controls(group A),indices including basal rotation (BR),apical rotation (AR),left ventricular torsion (LVT) and normalized time to peak were compared among groups,correlative analysis was made between LVT and each indices mentioned above,indices of group C before and 24 hours after PCI were compared.Results AR,LVT in group B and C reduced relative to group A (P ＜0.05),meanwhile time to peak of BR in group C shortened relative to other groups.BR,AR and normalized time to peak of BR were correlated to LVT respectively.BR and LVT in group C increased after PCI(P ＜0.05).Conclusions AR was sensitive to ischemia,the reduction of time to peak of BR in group C might be restriction and compensation.Sensitive to early recovery of left ventricular function after reperfusion,BR could be a predictive index of early effect of percutaneous coronary intervention.

Objective To investigate left ventricular rotation in heahhy subj ects and patients with hypertrophy cardiomyopathy(HCM). Methods Twenty-five healthy subjects and 41 patients with HCM were enrolled. Two-dimensional standard echocardiography were performed and analyzed using Siemens Sequoia C512 system and velocity vector imaging 2.0 version. Left ventricular end diastollc volume(EDV).end systolic volume(ESV),left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),systolic peak rotation velockv and displacement of endocardium and epicardium of basal and apical part of left ventricle were measured.Difference of basal and apical rotation velocity and displacement between endoeardium and eDicardium(DVbase,DVape,DDbase,DDape) were calculated. Results Left ventricle rotated clockwise at basal part and counterclockwise at apex during systole. It rotated stronger at apex(P＜0.05 or P＜0.001)than at basal part and stronger in endocardium than in epicardium(P＜0.01 or P＜0.001). The rotation velocitv time curve consisted of a peak during systole and two peak during diastole,while the rotation displacementtime curve was composed of a smaller diastolic peak and a larger systolic peak. There was asvmmetricalhypertrophy at the basal part of HCM patients,and DVbase and DDbase were significantly increased(P＜0.01 or P＜0.001) in the significant hypertrophy segment. Conclusions Velocity vector imaging can assess left ventricular rotation effectively. HCM patients acquire mismatch of endocardium and epicardiuIn rotation.

Objective To evaluate right ventricular (RV) global and regional volume and systolic function in patients with secondum atrial septal defect (ASD) using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE),and to explore the relationship between parameters derived from RT3DE and parameters measured by conventional echocardiography.Methods RT3DE images were acquired from 22 patients with secundum ASD and 22 normal controls for evaluation and analysis to obtain RV global and regional end-diastolic volume (EDV),end systolic volume (ESV),systolic volume (SV) and ejection fraction (EF) in three compartments (inflow,body and outflow).RV dyssynehrony parameters were calculated as the standard deviation (SD) and maximum difference (dif) of time to minimum systolic volume (Tmsv) and Tmsv corrected by heart rate (Tmsv％) in three RV compartments.Conventional echocardiographic parameters including pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP),pulmonary vascular resistance (PVRe) and maximum diameter of ASD (ASD-D) were calculated and recorded.Results RV global and regional EDV,ESV and SV were larger (all P ＜0.001) and EF was lower (all P ＜0.05) in the ASD group than in the controls.RV regional volume and systolic function were changed to various degrees in different compartment in the patients group.There were no significant differences in Tmsv,Tmsv％ and RV dyssynchrony parameters between the two groups.In patients with ASD,RV global and regional EDV,ESV and SV in the inflow compartment were positively correlated with ASD-D and PASP (r =0.463-0.704,all P ＜ 0.05) ; RV global EF was negatively correlated with PVRe (r =-0.477,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions In patients with ASD,RV global and regional volume was enlarged and systolic function was impaired with distinct characteristics; RV global volume and regional volume in the inflow compartment were positively correlated with RV pre-load while RV global EF was negatively correlated with RV afterload.