0.05).The eggs per gram feces and liver, eggs in uterus per female, and egg granulomas on the liver surface were(56.68?24.78),(5 826?437),(49.94?12.53) and(10.04?1.13)/0.25 cm2, respectively in immunized group, while in control group these were(89.93?32.18),(10 016?3 541),(76.54? 19.77) and(19.22?2.45)/0.25 cm2 respectively, all with significant difference(P

Chitosan has natural abundance, unique bioactivity and attractive physicochemical properties. Recent years, the synthesis of chitosan-based metal nanomaterials has attracted increasing attention. The synthesis of metal nanoparticles utilizing biomolecular or organism offers a mild medium, and thus a greater degree of control over the nanoparticles produced, along with higher reproducibility. In particular, preparation of metal nanoparticles based on biomolecular or organism has its unique facility in integrating "minimum feature sizes" into labile biological components to an excellent synergy and bifunctional effect and consequently a more broad application. Herein, we review the new development of chitosan, chitosan-based synthesis of metal nanomaterials, and their application.
Catalysis ; Chitosan ; chemistry ; Metal Nanoparticles ; chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction

OBJECTIVE:To investigate therapeutic efficacy of ezetimibe combined with tirofiban in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome patients and its influence on the content of ischemia modified albumin (IMA) in peripheral blood.METHODS:A total of 82 patients with acute coronary syndrome in our hospital from Jan.2016 to Jan.2017 were divided into observe group and control group according to random number table,with 41 cases in each groups.All patients were given general treatment containing statins,glyceryl trinitrate and so on.Control group was additionally given Ezetimibe tablet 10 mg orally once a day.Observation group was additionally given Tirofiban hydrochloride sodium chloride injection 5 mg intravenously once a day,on the basis of control group,for consecutive 15 d.Clinical efficacies of 2 groups were evaluated.The dose of glyceryl trinitrate,duration and frequency of angina pectoris attack,left ventricular function indexes (SV,LVDD,CO,LVEF) were compared before treatment and after last medication.The contents of IMA in peripheral blood were detected before treatment and 3,6,9,12,15 h after the first day medication.ADR of the 2 groups were observed closely during the treatment.RESULTS:The total response rate of observation group was 92.7％,which was significantly higher than 72.3％ of control group (P＜0.05).Compared with before treatment,dose of glyceryl trinitrate and the content of IMA in 2 groups were decreased significantly after last medication,duration and frequency of angina pectoris attack were shortened significantly;the levels of SV,CO and LVEF were increased significantly while the level of LVDD was decrease significantly;the effect of observation group was significantly better than that of control group,with statistical significance (P＜0.05).No severe ADR was found in all patients during the treatment.CONCLUSIONS:Based on general treatment of glyceryl trinitrate therapeutic efficacy of ezetimibe combined with tirofiban is better than that of ezetimibe alone in the treatment acute coronary syndrome patients,and can decrease the content of IMA in peripheral blood more quickly.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of tirofiban combined with atorvastation before PCI on the miRNA expres-sion of peripheral blood and vascular endothelial function in acute myocardial infarction(AMI)patients. METHODS:A total of 80 patients with AMI selected from our hospital as reaserch objects during Jan. 2015-Jun. 2016 were divided into control group and ob-servation group according to random number table,with 40 cases in each group. Both groups received anticoagulant therapy. Con-trol group was given Aspirin enteric-coated tablets 300 mg+Clopidogrel sulfate tablets 75 mg+ Atorvastatin calcium tablets 20 mg orally 30 min before PCI. Observation group was additionally given Tirofiban hydrochloride for injection with initial dose of 0.5 mg+0.9％ Sodium chloride injection 100 mL,iv,then adjusted to pump injection of 0.4 μg/(kg·min),30 min later adjusted to pump injection of 0.1 μg/(kg·min),for consecutive 24 h. The levels of peripheral miRNA (miRNA-1,miRNA-133a,miR-NA-208b,miRNA-499),the levels of brachial artery diameter and vascular endothelial function indexes(vWF,ET-1,NO)were observed in 2 groups before medication and after PCI,and the occurrence of ADR was recorded. RESULTS:Before treatment, there was no statistical significance in above indexes between 2 groups(P>0.05). After treatment,miRNA expression,the levels of vWF and ET-1 were decreased significantly in 2 groups,and observation group was significantly lower than control group,with statistical significance (P<0.05). The brachial artery diameter and NO levels of 2 groups were increased significantly,and observation group was significantly greater or higher than con-trol group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). No obvious ADR was found in 2 groups during treatment. CONCLU-SIONS:For AMI,tirofiban combined with atorvastation before PCI can reduce miRNA expression,increase brachial artery diame-ter and protect vascular endothelial function with good safety.

Objective To investigate the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia(CIH)and reoxygenation on insulin resistance(IR)and expressions of miR-27a-3p/PPARγ/IRS1/PI3K/AKT in rat skeletal muscle.Methods GEO database was used for screening the differentially expressed miRNAs in CIH,and their target genes were subjected to GO and KEGG enrichment analysis followed by construction of the miRNA-mRNA-pathway regulatory network using Cytoscape.In the animal experiment,48 male SD rats were randomly divided into normoxia group and CIH group(8 weeks of CIH followed by 4 weeks of normoxic recovery).Blood and skeletal muscle samples were collected at baseline,8 weeks,and 12 weeks to evaluate the changes in fasting blood glucose(FBG)and fasting insulin(FINS)levels and muscular pathology.RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to detect the changes in the expressions of miR-27a-3p,PPARγ,GLUT4,IRS1,p-IRS1,PI3K,p-AKT and AKT in the muscular tissues.Results No muscular miRNA datasets for CIH were available in GEO database,from which only a kidney-related dataset(GSE202480)was obtained,based on which a total of 165 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified.GO/KEGG analysis suggested that these miRNAs were involved in muscular regulation and insulin signaling.The miRNA-mRNA-pathway network highlighted miR-27a-3p as a crucial regulator in the PPAR and PI3K/AKT pathway.In the animal experiment,the rats subjected to CIH for 8 weeks showed significantly increased FBG,FINS,HOMA-IR,and PPARγ levels,loose muscle fiber arrangement,decreased cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers,and lowered expressions of miR-27a-3p,p-IRS1/IRS1,PI3K,and p-AKT/AKT in the skeletal muscles.Conclusion CIH increases IR,causes skeletal muscle pathology,downregulates miR-27a-3p expression,upregulates PPARγ expression,and inhibits IRS1/PI3K/AKT insulin signaling in the skeletal muscles of rats,and these changes can be reversed by reoxygenation.MiR-27a-3p may participate in CIH-induced IR by modulating the PPAR γ/IRS1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia(CIH)and reoxygenation on insulin resistance(IR)and expressions of miR-27a-3p/PPARγ/IRS1/PI3K/AKT in rat skeletal muscle.Methods GEO database was used for screening the differentially expressed miRNAs in CIH,and their target genes were subjected to GO and KEGG enrichment analysis followed by construction of the miRNA-mRNA-pathway regulatory network using Cytoscape.In the animal experiment,48 male SD rats were randomly divided into normoxia group and CIH group(8 weeks of CIH followed by 4 weeks of normoxic recovery).Blood and skeletal muscle samples were collected at baseline,8 weeks,and 12 weeks to evaluate the changes in fasting blood glucose(FBG)and fasting insulin(FINS)levels and muscular pathology.RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to detect the changes in the expressions of miR-27a-3p,PPARγ,GLUT4,IRS1,p-IRS1,PI3K,p-AKT and AKT in the muscular tissues.Results No muscular miRNA datasets for CIH were available in GEO database,from which only a kidney-related dataset(GSE202480)was obtained,based on which a total of 165 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified.GO/KEGG analysis suggested that these miRNAs were involved in muscular regulation and insulin signaling.The miRNA-mRNA-pathway network highlighted miR-27a-3p as a crucial regulator in the PPAR and PI3K/AKT pathway.In the animal experiment,the rats subjected to CIH for 8 weeks showed significantly increased FBG,FINS,HOMA-IR,and PPARγ levels,loose muscle fiber arrangement,decreased cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers,and lowered expressions of miR-27a-3p,p-IRS1/IRS1,PI3K,and p-AKT/AKT in the skeletal muscles.Conclusion CIH increases IR,causes skeletal muscle pathology,downregulates miR-27a-3p expression,upregulates PPARγ expression,and inhibits IRS1/PI3K/AKT insulin signaling in the skeletal muscles of rats,and these changes can be reversed by reoxygenation.MiR-27a-3p may participate in CIH-induced IR by modulating the PPAR γ/IRS1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

The successful retrieval of ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from Neanderthals provides powerful experimental evidence that clarifies the arguments between the out-of-Africa and multiregional models of evolution. However, the lack of nuclear DNA from Neanderthal fossils and mtDNA of early modern human fossils dating back to approximately the same time in the Pleistocene constitutes a limitation that may compromise the significance of mtDNA phylogenetic analysis. In this report, we introduce a mitochromic analysis using Neanderthal mtDNA as a foreign transgene and humans as a naturally occurring transgenic species. Forty Neanderthal mtDNA retrievable nuclear fragments were identified by blasting human genome data with Neanderthal mtDNA. Five of the 40 fragments exhibited higher correlation with Neanderthal mtDNA than those with modern human mtDNA. Furthermore, these five nuclear fragments harbor Neanderthal mtDNA-unique haplotypes. Based on the 98%+ identity between Neanderthal and modern human mtDNA when compared by groups, we suggest that some of the modern human nuclear fragments retrieved using Neanderthal mtDNA may aid in decoding Neanderthal genetic information, and also may simultaneously demonstrate a close genetic evolutionary relationship between modern humans and Neanderthals.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.