Objective:To observe the change of disease spectrum of urinary system among inpatient children in Children's Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University during 15 years.Methods:Medical records of inpatient children with urinary diseases in hospital between January 1,1993 and December 31,2007were reviewed and analysed.Results:The number of inpatient increased year by year.In 7 024 cases,the ratio of male to female is 2.49:1,and 3 522 cases were the children of age 7 to 14,accounting for 50.14%;primary glomerular diseases(PGD)with the largest proportion,but the proportion was in downward trend;the proportion of secondary,hereditary glomerular disease was in upward trend;constituent ratio of Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis,IgA nephropathy,interstitial nephritis was significantly increased;isolated hematuria was in downward trend;an upward trend was shown in the hospitalized number of congenital malformations,hydronephrosis and lithangiuria.Conclusion:The constituent ratio of urinary system disease had changed among inpatient children in the Children's Hospital Affiliated of Chongqing Medical University during 15 years.

Non-coding RNAs mainly include microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs),which work as a kind of RNA to regulate the expression of gene at the levels of transcription,post-transcription and epigenetics.Recent studies have shown that many non-coding RNAs are dysregulated during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.This review summarized the biological characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of non-coding RNAs in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

Elderly population is a group of people who need more medical care and acquiring immediate medi-cal treatment in time is important for the aged to get a good health status. The article demonstrates the differences of medical accessibility between rural and urban seniors and analyses the influencing factors and changes of the dispari-ties using the 2011 waves of CLHLS data. Results indicate that compared to rural seniors, the aged living in urban area are more likely to achieve immediate treatment when they are seriously ill. The mechanism of the disparities is made by the different socioeconomic development level and social and medical security system. Moreover, the main reasons not to visit doctor when necessary are having no money and inconvenience to travel;the proportion of having no money and far from hospital are significantly larger in rural area than urban.

Objective To explore the effect of early rehabilitative intervention on prognosis of patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage.Methods 60 patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group,each group 30 cases.Both two groups received common therapy,while the observation group was given early rehabilitative intervention.Results After treatment for one month,the total effective rate of the observation group was obviously higher than that of the control group (90.00％ vs 73.33％,x2 =2.81,P ＜ 0.05).After treatment for three months,the living ability of experiment group was obviously better than control group (66.67 ％ vs 50.00％,x2 =2.69,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Early rehabilitative intervention in patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage can increase clinical effect and improve prognosis.

Cerebral ischemia accounts for 70%~80%. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows infarct focus efficiently, which plays an important role in the diagnosis of ultra-early stage of ischemia and the prediction of infarcts' change. This paper reviewed the recent advance in the effect of MRI on the diagnosis and prediction of cerebral ischemia.

Most of the proteomics analysis methods based on tandem mass spectrometry rely on the matching scoring of actual spectrum and theoretical spectrum, the interference of a large number of co-eluting peptides could cause error in the identification and quantification of peptides and proteins. Peptide retention time prediction, as a auxiliary and verification index of the peptide, can transition the chromatographic behavior into stable independent time attributes, and improve the accuracy of the peptide identification. Prediction of peptide chromatographic retention in complex systems is also of great significance for optimizing proteomics determination conditions and improving the detection rate and repeatability of mass spectrometry data in data-independent acquisition. This review focused on the chromatographic retention prediction method of unmodified peptides and modified peptides, summarizes the content, characteristics and limitations of four types of peptide retention time prediction methods based on standardized indexes, peptide molecular models, amino acid residue parameters, and machine learning, as well as their applications in proteomics, with a prospect of their future.

Objective: This work aimed to investigate the negative prognostic factors of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) and adenocarcinoma with BAC characteristics, based on the 2004 pathological classification by the World Health Organization (WHO), which were further verified with the new pathological classification of lung adenocarcinoma (WHO 2011), to identify crucial factors that determine the prognosis of BAC and adenocarcinoma with BAC features, and to prove the coherence of the two pathological classi-fications in assessing clinical prognosis. Methods: Upon pathological diagnosis, some of the 193 cases of BAC or adenocarcinoma with BAC features were categorized into adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) or minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), based on the 2011 WHO classification. Gender, age, tumor size, familial cancer history, smoking history, TNM stage, symptoms, duration of symp-toms, and the choice of treatment were recorded and analyzed for prognosis. The survival rate was calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. Log-rank test was introduced to compare the survival rate. Univariate and multivariate factors for the survival rate were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results:The overall 1-, 3-and 5-year survival rates were 84.3%, 60.6%, and 45.6%, respec-tively. Cox univariate analysis revealed that the tumor size, symptoms, TNM stage, pathological outcomes, and the choice of treatment were all prognostic factors. Cox multivariate analysis revealed that TNM stage was an independent prognostic factor for patients with BAC. Data from patients with AIS and MIA revealed better survival. Conclusion:The overall survival rate of BAC and adenocarcino-ma with BAC features are superior to that of other non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The clinical symptoms are non-specific com-pared with other types of NSCLC. Clinical stage at diagnosis is a key prognostic factor, such that early correct diagnosis significantly improves survival. The new classification criteria of WHO, released in 2011, is more elaborate and more conducive to clinical practice.

Protein phosphatase 2A(PP2A)is the main serine/threonine protein phosphatase of the brain,and it is involved in many physiological and pathological processes in the cell. Particularly in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer′s disease(AD),PP2A is closely related to the main pathological features of AD. Deregulation of PP2A enzymes correlates with increased tau phosphorylation, the formation of amyloid precursor protein,and the missing of neurons. PP2A as the target of drug development may bring new hope for the treatment of AD. This review introduces the structure and activity regulation of PP2A,and the role of PP2A in AD.

Objective To evaluate endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for diagnosis of gastric stromal tumors (GST) by analyzing EUS features of tumors with different invasive capacities.Methods Clinical data of 34 patients with GST were analyzed retrospectively.The tumors were classified according to Fletcher′s GIST biological behavior ranking system and the corresponding EUS features were analyzed.Results The mean maximal diameter of GST in this cohort was 6.7cm.The echo heterogeneity, big tumors size, irregular shape and ulceration were more common in tumors of high risk (P<0.05).Conclusion Tumor size, shape, echo quality and ulceration detected by EUS are useful features for pretreatment evaluation of GST, and can guide the choice of following managements.

BACKGROUND: Acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) is still one of the barriers of allogenic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation in clinic. It has been proven that transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-?1), tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) and interferon-? (IFN-?) abnormal secretion may be essential factors for aGVHD. OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IFN-?, marker factors of Th1 and Th2, in aGVHD mice model of allogenic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Randomized controlled in vivo transplantation was performed at Department of Animal, Beijing Stomatology Hospital and Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University from August to October 2005. MATERIALS: Twenty clean-grade male C57BL/6(H-2b) mice as donors were selected for harvesting bone marrow cells and spleen lymphocyte; fifty BALB/c(H-2d) female mice as recipients were randomly divided into control group (n=10), bone marrow cell transplantation group (n=20) and combination transplantation group (n=20). METHODS: Bone marrow cell group was injected with 2.0?107 marrow cells through tail vein, and combination transplantation group was injected with bone marrow cells and spleen lymphocyte of C57BL/6(H-2b) mice. Both groups were exposed to 6MV-X radiation (9.0 Gy). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mice survival time; peripheral blood leucocyte count; cytokine levels in peripheral serum by ELASA; histopathological alterations by HE staining. RESULTS: Mice in marrow cell group died since the eighth day, while those in combination group since the fourth day. Kaplan-Meier exhibited P 0.05). Compared with marrow cell group, the levels of IL-4 were significantly decreased (P