Parkinson disease(PD)is a common,progressive and disabling neurodegenerative movement disorder. Diagnosis of PD depends on clinical history and physical examination,but misdi?agnosis is common in early stages because of similar symptoms to other movement disorders. which is why biomarkers are urgently needed to accurately diagnose PD,especially in the early stages of PD, and find new drug targets. This review discusses the curient research of the PD candidate biomarkers from cerebrospinal fluid and blood in terms of PD pathogenesis. We have found that dihy?droxyphenylacetic acid,alpha- synuclein and its related proteins in Lewy bodies,8- hydroxy deoxy?guanosine,uric acid,interleukin and neurotrophic factors are potential biomarkers. They participate in different stages of PD. In order to enhance the accuracy of early diagnosis and efficacy of drugs evalua?tion,we are to use multiple biomarkers rather than a single biomarker,in combination with different biologic pathways of biomarkers,neuroimaging as well as clinical symptoms.

Objective To obtain the gene coding for the group 5 allergens from Dermatophagoides farinae ( Derf5 ) and predict its molecular characteristics. Methods The total RNA of D. farinae were extracted, and the gene Derf5 was amplified by RT-PCR with the primers designed according to previous sequence published in GenBank. The target gene was linked into pMD19-T Simple plasmid, sequenced and analyzed by bioinformatics software. Results The sequence homology reached to 97.8% between our sequenced result with one complete open reading fragment (ORF) and the reference. The gene encode an extracellular hydrophobic protein with 132 amino acid resides, one signal peptide from 1 to 19 position and one transmembrane domain from 1 to 19 position. The secondary structure was composed of extended strand (1. 52% ), random coil (7.58%) and alpha helix (90.91%). The encoded protein was deduced to have two Casein kinase Ⅱ phosphorylation sites. The similarity of the amino acid sequence of the group 5 allergens were 78% between D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus. Conclusion The gene Derf5 was cloned successfully, and its characteristics was primarily predicted.

Objective To explore the efficacy of the case and scenario teaching method in the neurosurgery practice teaching.Methods By cluster sampling,153 nursing students underwent rotary practice in neurosurgery department in People's Hospital of Three Gorges University from September 2011 to July 2012 were trained with the case and scenario teaching method.Scenario simulation training combined with case playback teaching was used in practice teaching.At the end of the internship,nursing students' satisfaction was investigated and their operational capacity was evaluated.Self-designed questionnaire was adopted to evaluate satisfaction.Operational capacity evaluation scores of nursing students were divided into several parts:basic operation examination (30％),specialized operation (30％),professional theory (30％) and teacher evaluation (10％).Data were analyzed using Excel spreadsheet for entry.Countif and Count function formula were used to calculate eligibility and the passing rate.Results Nursing students had high evaluation on case playback teaching methods.By this method,153(100％) nursing students considered that the learning initiative was improved.At the end of the internship,passing rates of basic operation examination,specialized operation,professional theory were 98.69％ (151/153),96.73 ％ (148/153) and 100％ while the total passing rate was 100％.Conclusion The case and scenario teaching method could develop the study positivity and practice ability of nursing students and can enhance the internship efficacy.

Objective To study the impact of vegetation changes on the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis in the marshland and lake regions.MethodsA bottomland from the 14 bottomlands along the Qiupu River in the Guichi District,Chizhou City,Anhui Province was selected,and a 50 m?50 m area of uniform vegetation was choosed as the research field.Low-grass group,boundary-grass group,hay group and control group were designed to represent four types of vegetation's status and the snail density,soil temperature and soil moisture were surveyed half a month after the design.The change of Oncomelania hupensis's distribution due to the vegetation change was analyzed statistically.ResultsThe snail density of the hay group was nearly 0 with high soil moisture and low soil temperature.The snail density of the low-grass group was obviously decreased(32.1/0.1 m2),and the snail density of the boundary group slightly increased,which had no statistical significance compared with the snail density of the control group.ConclusionsOncomelania hupensis moves from the low-grass group to the boundary group after the vegetation is cut down,which changes the distribution of snail.Hay group is the worst environment for Oncomelania hupensis to survive and the method of cut-overlay grass may be used to improve the effect of molluscicide.

Objective To explore a possible method for determining the appropriate sample size of Oncomelania hupensis in the marshland and lake regions. Methods Four bottomlands were selected randomly along the Qiupu River in Guichi District, Anhui Province. Oncomelania snails were surveyed carefully in these bottomlands and brought back to the laboratory to judge whether they were alive or not with mild water. All the data of Oncomelania hupensis were doubly input into the EpiData software and checked for the errors. Repeated sampling was performed in the four databases according to different sample sizes by using SAS software and the corresponding snail density was also calculated. According to the values of sample size and corresponding snail density, sample size-snail density absolutely changing curve and relatively changing curve were drawn to determine the appropriate sample size of snail survey. Results The appropriate sample sizes of snail survey were 40,200,100 and 200 frames in Gutan bottomland, Caizi bottomland, Qiupu bottomland and Ouyang bottomland, respectively. Conclusion Sample size-snail density absolutely changing curve and relatively changing curve could provide some instructions for choosing the appropriate sample size during the process of snail survey in the marshland and lake regions.

Bacterial Typing Techniques ; China ; Genotype ; Inverted Repeat Sequences ; genetics ; Yersinia pestis ; classification ; genetics

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of infectious diseases of CNS.Methods Inpatients treated in the second hospital of Hebei Medical University from 1996 to 2005 were subjected to retrospective study.Results During 10 years,the hospitalization number of infectious diseases of CNS was 3929.The proportion of inpatients with viral meningitis(encephalitis),cerebral cysticercosis,tuberculous meningitis(TBM),purulent meningitis(PM)and cryptococcal meningitis(CM) was 63.8%,17.4%,7.7%,0.7% respectively.The hospitalization number of viral meningitis (encephalitis),TBM,PM and CM in the 2001—2005 5-year period was 53.5%,21.3%,35.3%,and 77.3% higher than that of the 1996—2000 period.Whereas the hospitalization number of cerebral cysticercosis decreased by 32.4% than that of the last 5 years.The peak months of viral meningitis (encephalitis)in a year were July,August and September.The peak months of TBM in a year were April, May and June.The case fatality of viral meningitis(encephalitis),cerebral cysticercosis,TBM,PM and CM was 8.1%,6.9%,22.4%,12.9%,33.3% respectively.Conclusions In the past l0 years,the incidence of common infectious diseases of CNS has increased in Shijiazhuang except cerebral cysticercoids. Our vigilance should be improved and some effective measures should be adopted to keep away infectious diseases of CNS.

Objective:To construct the plant expression vector of Der f1 allergen of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinu and expression in tobacco lamina.Methods:The Der f1 gene was amplified from the glycerin bacterium which contained pET28a(+)-Der f1 plasmid,cloned into the pMD 19-T plasmid,and then sequenced.The Der f1 gene was digested by ClaⅠand SalⅠ,and cloned into potato virus X (PVX) to construct plant expression vector PVX-Der f1,and then was transformed agrobacterium tumefaciens.The positive one was selected to infect tobacco lamina for expressing target protein.The protein was identified and analysed by SDS-PAGEand Western blot.Results:Digestion and sequence analysis confirmed that the plant expression vector was correct,and the SDS-PAGE and Western blot results showed that the molecular weight of the protein was about 34M_r and it could specific binding with positive serum.Conclusion:The plant expression vector of Der f1 is successfully constructed and the recombinant protein is also produced.

Objective To investigate the effect of intensive lipid-lowering therapy on the imbalance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Methods Observed serum levels of hs-CRP and IL-IO in 82 patients with ACS, 17 patients with stable angina, and 22 controls. Forty-one patients with ACS were randomized to take either atorvastatin 10 mg/d (standard lipid-lowering therapy) or atorvastatin 40 mg/d (intensive lipid-lowering therapy) for one month in addition to their routine anti-anginal treatment. Serum levels of hs-CRP, blood lipids, IL-10 were investigat-ed.IL-10 was measured by ELISA. Results The level of hs-CRP in patients with ACS [(11.10 ± 14.30)mg/L] was higher than that in patients with stable angina [(2.47 ± 2.72) mg/L]and controls [(2.34 ± 4.22)mg/L] (P all < 0.05 ). The level of IL- 10 was lower in ACS patients [( 3.94 ± 1.91 ) ng/L] compared with those who had stable angina [(6.31 ± 4.26) ng/L] and controls [(7.76 ± 2.82) ng/L], Pan <0.05. The level of hs-CRP in patients with ACS was decreased and IL-10 was increased after one month treatment with atorvastatin (P < 0.05).The effect of atorvastatin 40 mg/d was more effective than that of atorvastatin 10 mg/d.Conclusions Patients with ACS have higher level of hs-CRP and lower level of IL-10 than those with sta-ble angina. This finding suggests that imbalance of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses is related with aggravation of atherosclerotic disease. Intensive lipid-lowering therapy is more effective than standard lipid-lowering therapy on ameliorating the imbalance.

Objective Previous studies indicated that activation of Toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) was involved in the progression and instability of atherosclerotic plaque.Anti-inflammatory effects were shown in statins. However,the mechanisms underlying these effects have not been well explored.We test the hypothesis that a por- tion of these anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by regulation of TLR4 expression.Methods One hundred twenty-one subjects (22 normal persons,17 patients with stable angina and 82 patients with ACS) were recruited. 41 patients with ACS were randomized to atorvastatin 10 mg/d or atorvastatin 40 mg/d on top of routine anti-anginal treatment.Serum level of hsCRP,blood lipids,TLR4 expression on CD_(14)~+ monocytes were measuered before and after one month treatment.TLR4 expression on CD_(14)~+ monocytes were quantified via flow-cytometry.Results hsCRP and TLR4 expression on CD_(14)~+ monocytes in patients with ACS were higher than patients with stable angina and normal persons(hsCRP,ACS:11.1?14.3 vs stable angina:2.5?2.7 mg/L vs normal:2.3?4.2 mg/L,P