Along with the rapid development of globalization,the international medical aid enterprise is drawing more and more attention with its bright humanitarianism standpoint,non-national boundary,and non-political orientation characteristics.From the angle of medical ethics,this article encloses ethical issues and contradictions in realistic international medical service aid,reflects on relevant ethical principles,and comes up with feasible countermeasures to solve current problems.

Traditional Chinese medicine owns the duality of commodity property and quasi-public goods in the process of production and circulation. According to the duality of traditional Chinese medicine, giving full play to government function is the key to guaranteeing and promoting the quality and security control in the dryness process of traditional Chinese medicine. Government functions mainly focus on improving the quality and security control ability of production operators and stimulating quality and security control motive of producers. This article began with the duality of traditional Chinese medicine, expounded the government functions in the dryness process and quality control of traditional Chinese medicine from macroscopic and micro levels, and proposed the measures of improving dryness process based on government functions.

Objective To study the expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI) anchored protein in lymphocyte subsets of healthy individuals. Methods Flow cytometry and two/three color McAbs were used to detect CD59 expression in granulocytes, lymphocytes and subsets. Results In 50 samples, granulocytes mainly showed a single population of cells strongly positive for CD59, the percentage of CD59 expression was (98.6?1 5)%. Lymphocytes had a small population of weakly positive and negative for CD59, positive cells being (90 0? 14.9)%. CD3 +T cells had a similar profile as that of total lymphocytes, but there were more weakly positive /negative cells and less strong positive cells. As compared with CD3 +T cells, CD4 +T cells had a larger population of strongly positive for CD59, positive cells being (92.9?8.1)%; while CD8 +T cells had a smaller population of strongly positive, positive cells being (74.6?9.1)%. CD59 expression of activated T cells was between that of CD3 +and CD8 +T cells. CD45RA +and CD45RO +T cells both had a similar profile like that of CD3 +T cells. CD20 +B cells showed a similar profile to that of granulocytes, positive cells being (96.3?0 6)%. Conclusions Population of low or negative expression of CD59 among the lymphocytes of healthy controls was related to T cells, especially CD8 +T cells. B cells had uniform positive expression of CD59, and could be a candidate for detecting PNH.

Objective To evaluate the changes of alveolar cells apoptosis and the expression of related genes in pulmonary injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in acute experimental pulmonary embolism of rabbits. Methods The left lung artery of rabbits were obstructed by inflating gas of 5F Berman sacculus catheter, then the gas of sacculus was put out to result in blood reperfusion. Thirty-six New Zealand rabbits of either gender and weighing 2.5 to 3.0 kg were studied, and randomly divided into six groups: control group (control), sham operation group (sham), ischemia 1h group (I 1h), ischemia 2h group (I 2h), ischemia2h and reperfusion 1h group (IR 1h), ischemia 2h and reperfusion 2 h group (IR 2h). Alveolar cells apoptosis and Bax, Bcl-2, Fas/FasL protein expression were studied By using flow-cytometry and immunocytochemistry techniques. Results The lung apoptosis cell number was increased in ischemia groups compared with control and sham group. The reperfusion after ischemia further increased the apoptosis cell numbers compared with simple ischemia, and the longer time reperfusion,the larger number of cell apoptosis. Bax, Bcl-2, Fas and FasL protein expression were significantly higher in ischemia, ischemia/reperfusion group than that in those of control groups (P

Objective To investigate the effect of atorvastatin on cardiac fibrosis and on the expression of NF-?B and TNF-? in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups.In control group(n=20) the rats were fed with normal food and gavaged with normal saline.In diabetes group(n=20) the rats with type 2 diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of low doses of streptozotocin(STZ),and the rats were fed with high fat diet.In atorvastatin group(n=20) diabetes was reproduced in rats and atorvastatin 20mg/(kg?d) was gavaged for 12 weeks.The pathological changes in myocardial cells were observed under light microscope.Collagen content was observed by Masson staining.The contents of TNF? were determined in plasma and cardiac tissue with RIA.RT-PCR was used to study the gene expression of NF-?B and TNF-?.The proteins of NF-?B p65 and TNF-? were assayed by immunohistochemical method.Results It was showed under light microscope that cardiac myocytes were compact and orderly with clear structure in control group.The cardiac myocytes were disorderly,distorted,with infiltration of inflammatory cells in the interstitium in diabetes group.The cardiac myocytes were orderly arranged,and the structure was close to normality in atorvastatin group.TNF-? in diabetic rats increased significantly in plasma and myocardium(P

Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most important microvascular complications of diabetes,which has become one of the leading causes of blindness.Neovascularization is the main pathological manifestations of DR,but its mechanism is unknown.There is a clear need to investigate its pathogenesis which can offer potential therapeutic targets.Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and distribution of visfatin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in diabetic model rats.Methods This study was approved by Animal Ethic Committee of Inner Mongolia Medical University.Sixty SPF 8-week-old male SpragueDawley rats were randomized into the diabetic group and control group.The rats were housed under a condition that alternated between 12 hours of light and darkness,with free access to rat food and water.Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg (0.60 ml/100 g) of streptozotocin (STZ) and control rats received equivalent volume of buffer.The models were regarded as successful when blood glucose was ≥ 16.7 mmol/L.Rats were sacrificed 12 weeks after the injection of STZ and retinal specimens were prepared to detect the expression of visfatin and VEGF.Total retinal protein was isolated from the retinas of experimental and control eyes,and the expression of visfatin and VEGF was assessed by Western blot.Frozen cross sections of retinas of 5 μm thickness were used to perform double immunofluorescence staining with anti-visfatin and anti-VEGF antibodies.Results Mean body weight of the diabetic rats was (189.02±11.34) g and that of the control rats was (489.57 ± 14.48) g at 12 weeks post-injection,showing a significant difference between them (t =5.236,P =0.003).Mean blood glucose level was (29.25±3.86) mmol/L in the diabetic group and (5.32±1.01) mmol/L in the control group,demonstrating a significant difference (t =11.778,P =0.000).Double immunofluorescence staining showed reduced expression of visfatin and VEGF in the retinal nerve fibrous layer and glial cells in the control rats.A stronger staining for visfatin and VEGF was found in the various layers of the retina in the diabetic rats,with an expression level of visfatin (A value) of 346.26±41.23,which was considerably higher than that of the control group (102.07±65.01) (t =8.291,P =0.000) in 12 weeks after injection.Furthermore,the expression of VEGF in the retina was elevated in the diabetic group compared with the control group (A value) (415.88±92.15 vs.113.06±32.06) (t=10.067,P=0.000).Conclusions Visfatin might contribute to the pathologic progression of diabetic retinal,neovascularization and it might play a synergistic role with VEGF in the pathophysiology of DR.

Objective To evaluate the value of double stapling technique with curved cutter stapler in colorectal anastomosis,especially in low colorectal anastomosis. Methods The clinical data of 168 cases of rectal carcinomas treated with double stapling technique with curved cutter stapler were retrospectively reviewed.The intraoperative condition,postoperative complications and findings during follow up were analysed. Results During the operations,the processes of closure and anastomosis of all the patients were satisfactory,and no operative death occurred.After the operations,4 cases(2.4%) had anastomotic leakage,3 cases(1.8%) had anastomotic bleeding,and 2 cases(1.2%) had rectovaginal fistula.All the complications were cured.There was no anastomotic stricture. Conclusion Double stapling technique with curved cutter stapler may help to accomplish low colorectal anastomosis which is a difficult task for handed suture.

BACKGROUND: Cephalocervical cancer is closely related with genetic factors, but do the first-degree relatives have a higher risk for cancers? Slenderstyle acanthopanax root-bark has an anti-mutation chromosome stabilizer, can it enhance the anticaner ability of the first-degree relatives? OBJECTIVE: To study the genetic factor of cephalocervical cancer and antimutagenic effect of slenderstyle acanthopanax root-bark.DESIGN:A controlled experiment with human peripheral blood as the sample.SETTING: The Department of Medical Genetics of the Basic Medical Science School, and the Department of Otolaryngology of the First Hospital of Jilin University; The University of Warwick, UK.PARTICIPANTS: The subjects were taken during the period of October 2001 to March 2002. The patients with cephalocervical tumor and their first-degree relatives were all from the Department of Otolaryngology,FirstHospital of Jilin University, and healthy group were well-being blood devoting volunteers from Changchun City Central Blood Bank. There were group( n = 50) included 25 males and 25 females who were healthy blood patients group( n =30) were composed of 22 males and 8 females who did first-degree relative group(n=30) consisted of 19 males and 11 females. They were the first-degree relatives of patients with carcinoma of larynx and carcinoma of nasopharynx. Except for the family history of cancer,they themselves were all healthy. Informed consents were obtained from all of them.METHODS: The peripheral blood was collected as the sample and the lymphocyte culturing was performed. The culture cycle was 72 hours and bleomycin(BLM) (15 mL) was added into it at the 67~ hour, also the slenderstyle acanthopanax root-bark(SARB) (800 mg/L) was added into the antimutagenesis experiment. The cells were collected after culturing for another 72 hours. The conventional method was used for slide preparation. The slides were stained with Giemsa solution without banding. Choosing the proper objective and observing the numbers of chromatid breaks. The numbers of chromatid breaks were converted into the numbers of chromatid breaks per cell (b/c value). Namely, b/c value equals to the quotient, the number of chromatid break divided by the number of the cell observed in the slide.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of chromatid breaks per cell (b/c value).RESULTS: All the 110 cases in the 3 groups entered the stage of result It was lower in the control group than that in the patients group and first-degree relatives group(0.16 ± 0.06, 0.48 ± 0. 14, 0.42 ± 0. 12, P ＜0.01). There was no significant difference in b/c value between the paparison between b/c value induced by combined SARB with BLM and only BLM was performed: The b/c value of former is significantly lower than the latter (0.48±0.14,0.15 ±0.08,0.42±0.12, 0.17±0.11,P ＜ 0.01).CONCLUSION: The first-degree relatives of the patients with cephalocervical cancers should be classified as tumor high-risk group. SARB as a chromatid stabilizer has an obvious inhibitory effect on b/c value of the patients induced by BLM and that of the first-degree relatives.

Objective To cpmpare the assessment of retinal and choroidal disease using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO) imaging and color fundus camera.Methods Sixty-seven patients (90 eyes) with fundus diseases were included in this study.There were 35 males (51 eyes) and 32 female (39 eyes),mean age was 51.32 years.All subjects underwent fundus imaging using cSLO technology and traditional color fundus camera,positive numbers of every retinal pathological change were calculated and compared.Spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was also done to compare the accordance rate between two modes of fundus imaging (cSLO technology and traditional color fundus camera) and SD-OCT in choroidal changes.Results The positive numbers of retinal microaneurysm (x2 =4.157,P＜ 0.05) and epiretinal membrane (x2 =5.428,P ＜ 0.05) using cSLO fundus imaging were significantly higher than traditional color fundus camera,while the positive numbers of cotton wool spots (x2 =0.523),retinal hemorrhage (x2 =0.117),hard exudates (x2 =0.325) and macular hole (x2 =0.070)were no significant different (P＞ 0.05).The SD-OCT accordance rate of choroidal pathological changes using cSLO technology was higher than traditional color fundus camera (x2 =9.143,P=0.007).Conclusion In retinal and choroidal diseases,the imaging quality of cSLO fundus imaging technology is better than the traditional color fundus camera technology.

Game relationship of mutual restriction and mutual connection exist among various segments of Chinese medicine decoction pieces supply chain. Any problems in any segments will affect quality and safety of the whole supply chain, and ultimately affect the safety of consumers. Based on the theory of supply chain, this article established a linear supply chain and static game model, including planting farmers, production and marketing society, processors of Chinese medicine decoction pieces, terminal consumers and middle sales section whichis made up of whole sale and retail markets and manufacturing enterprises of Chinese patent medicine. This article also proposed the suggestions about quality safety of Chinese medicine decoction pieces through quantitative methods in game theory.