AIM: To observe the effects of D-galactose on the lumber vertebra body and investigate the reasons. METHODS: 12 rats at age of 6 months were divided into two groups, control group and D-galactose group (n=6 in each). The control group were administered saline solution sc, and the D-galactose group were administered 5% D-galactose solution sc at dose of 100 mg?kg -1. After 3 month, the rats were killed by exsanguination from heart. The fourth lumber vertebra was taken and immerged in formalin. The testicle were taken and immerged in formalin at the same time. The blood serum was collected by centrifugating the collected blood after resting for a while, and it was preserved in refrigeratory at the degree of - 70 ℃.The vertebra body were embedded in plastic and sliced up after being dehydrated step by step with different concentration ethanol. The slices were analyzed under the image analysis apparatus. The testicle were made into paraffin slices and observed under the common microscope. The concentration of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone were measured by radio-immunity assay. RESULTS: The lumber vertebra body in D-galactose group appeared osteoporosis. The serum testosterone hormone concentrations of D-galactose rats were significantly decreased. And the microstructure of testicle present aging change, but no change of serum LH concentration was observed. CONCLUTION: D-galactose can cause the osteoporosis in male rats, which may be related to affect the function of thalamus-pituitary-testicle axis, decrease the content of testosterone of D-galactose.

AIM: To investigate the effects of D-galactose on ultrastructure of rats' hypothalamic arcuate nucleus.METHODS: 12 rats at age of 6 months were divided into two groups at random,the control and D-galactose group.Rats of control group were treated with saline solution by sc,and rats of D-galactose group were treated with D-galactose by sc at dose of 100(mg?kg~(-1)). Three months later the rats were killed by exsanguinating from heart.After being infused into the left ventricle with 2%-(2.5)% polyformaldehyde at the dose of 50(mg?kg~(-1)),the brains were taken and immerged in(2.5)% polyformaldehyde,then the arcuate nucleus was taken according to the atlas of brain,the tissues taken were made into ultrathin sections to be observed under electron microscope.RESULTS: comparing to rats in control group,neurons of the arcuate nucleus of rats in D-galactose group appeared aging,the number of organelle in plasma decreased,but the number of lipochromesome in plasma increased significantly,and the size of neurons decreased also.Furthermore the apoptosis neuron was observed,the chromosome of which congregated around the nucleus' membrane,the typical aging neuron was also observed,the neuraxon of which was atrophying.But there were no obvious changes observed in neurons of the arcuate nucleus of rats in control group,plenty of organelles were observed under electron microscope clearly.CONCLUSION:D-galactose can cause neurons of rats' arcuate nucleus aging,the neurons appeared atrophying and apoptosis.

Objective To test the reliability and validity of the home care demand forecasting scale for fracture patients when they were before discharge. Methods This study was descriptive study. Convenience sampling was used and 412 patients with fracture from 5 comprehensive hospitals in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture were selected. Finally, the number of valid questionnaires is 398 which were used for testing. Results Five factors and 32 items were eventually determined. The split-half reliability coefficient was 0.910, and split-half coefficient in each dimension was over 0.75; the content validity showed scale level content validity index(S-CVI) was 0.948, and the index in each item′s item level content validity index (I-CVI) was between 0.76 to 1.00. The result of factor analysis included 5 factors and the cumulative contribution of variance was 59.181%. The result of construct validity χ2/df=1.554, root mean square error approximation (RMSEA)=0.037, goodness-of-fit index (GFI)=0.920. The total of scale′s Cronbach coefficient was 0.948, Each dimension′s Cronbach coefficient was between 0.797-0.875. Conclusions The home care demand forecasting scale was proved to be reliable and valid. It can be used to assess the home-care needs of fracture patients before they were discharge.

Objective The management of fluid infusion is crucial in severe sepsis/septic shock patients.The correlation of extravascular lung water index(EVLWI) versus oxygenation index ( PaO2/FiO2 ) and EVLWI versus intrathoracic blood volume index(ITBVI) were analysed in this present study. Method Totally 24 patients,admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine and diagnosed as severe sepsis/septic shock with acute lung injury and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome,were enrolled. ITBVI and EVLWI were detected with PiCCO technique. Correlation of EVLWI and PaO2/FiO2, ITBVI and EVLWI were analysed,respectively. Simple correlation and simple linear regression were used for statistical analysis. Results Significant negative correlation was found of EVLWI and PaO2/FiO2 ( r = - 0. 45, P ＜ 0.01).EVLWT = 14 mL/kg was defined as the cutoff value for the subgroup analysis. No correlation was found between EVLWI and PaO2/FiO2 in the subgroup with EVLWI≤ 14 mL/kg ( r = 0. 12, P = 0.243), but in the subgroup with EVLWI ＞ 14 mL/kg, significant negative correlation was found ( r = - 0. 47, P ＜ 0. 01 ). When EVLWI was higher than 14 mL/kg,EVLW should be decreased to improve oxygenation and other aspects should be taken into account. No significant correlation was found between ITBVI and EVLWI. A ITBVI value 1000 mL/m2 was also defined as the cutoff value for the subgroup analysis. No significant correlation was found in the subgroup with ITBVI≤ 1000 mL/m2( r = 0.13, P = 0.17), while significant positive correlation was found in the subgroup with ITBVI ＞ 1000 mL/m2. This result suggested that in patients of severe sepsis/septic shock with ALI/ARDS, when the blood volume is high, ITBV should be decreased to improve the oxygenation,however,it is not useful in the situation of high pulmonary vascular permeability. Conclusions Extravascular lung water has a important role in the fluid management in patients of severe sepsis/septic shock with ALI/ARDS.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of different strategy of antithrombotic therapy in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary disease.Methods 224 inpatients and outpatients with AF and coronary disease whose mean follow-up time was 2 years,were divided into warfarin group,warfarin combined with antiplatelet drug(aspirin or clopidogrel) group,antiplatelet drug(aspirin or clopidogrel) group and control group.The thromboembolic event rate and adverse events incidence were observed in different groups.Results The risk of thromboembolic events,particular emerging risk of cerebral infarction in the control group(12.50 ％) was significantly higher than other groups (P＜ 0.05).Thrombotic event rates in warfarin + single joint group(2.78％) was lower than other groups(warfarin group 4.29 ％,single joint group 5.81％),but there was no significant statistical difference.The overall risk of bleeding in the control group (3.13 ％) was significantly lower than other antithrombotic group (P＜0.05).The incidence of skin bruising in single joint group was lower than other antithrombotic groups,the overall bleeding risk,especially gasfrointestinal bleeding in warfarin+ single joint group was significantly higher than other groups (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion Elderly patients with coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation need antithrombotic therapy to prevent thrombotic events.Using warfarin alone or warfarin combined antiplatelet drug does not lead to serious bleeding events,but generally bleeding risk should be attracted more attention.

With the introduction of the principle of automatic exposure control system,this paper discusses the relation between ionization chamber and photographic position,and analyzes its effect on X-ray image quality.

Aim To study the effects of D-galactose o n bone of rats. Methods Forty-two Sprague-Dawley rats at age of 3 months with half female and half male were divided into five groups randoml y, basal, OVX or ORX , D-galactose at dose of 50 mg?kg -1?d -1 (L), D-galactose at dose of 100 mg?kg -1?d -1 (M), galactose a t dose of 200 mg?kg -1?d -1 (H).The former two groups were SC inject ed physiological saline and the latter three groups were injected three differen t doses of D-galactose respectively. Two months later the rats were killed by setting blood free from hearts, then the left thighbones and tibias were take n. The tibias were cut at 8 ?m sections for static and dynamic bone histomorph ometric analyses. The thighbones were dried and weighed. All rats were given sc injections of tetracycline 25 mg?kg -1 (first fluorochrome bone marker) on 14 and d 13,and calcein 10 mg?kg -1(second fluorochrome bone marker) on 4 and d 3 before sacrifice. The testicles and the ovaries were taken and made the paraffin slices for observing the microstructure under the microscope. Results D-galactose had no effects on bone of female rats, but can made male rats lose bone significantly and the rats appeared osteoporosis. The static parameters in three different dose male rats bone which relate to bone ma ss %Tb. Ar decreased 53.5%,53.5%,46.6% respectively, Tb.N decreased 42.9%,4 7.6%,38.1% respectively, TB.Sp increased 85%,150%,67.3% respectivly. The dynamic parameters which relate to bone formation %L. Pm decreased 24.1% 89.1% , 65.5% respectively. The convoluted suminiferous tubule disordered, lumens dil ated, and basal membrane disintegrated. Conclusion D-galac tose had different effects on bone of different gender rats. There is no effect on female bone, but it can induce the male rats osteoporosis. The mechanism of D-galactose on bone was probably due to the different effects on gonad glan ds.

Objective To establish a method to determine lead in air. Methods The filter film used to collect the lead in air was digested with acid followed by adding mixed solution of potassium ferricyanide,oxalic acid and hydrochloric acid, then double ways atomic flurescence spectrophotometry was employed to determine lead. Results The optimal concentration of hydrochloric acid, potassium ferricyanide and oxalic acid were 0.12 mol/L, 8 g/L and 0.4 g/L respectively. The detection limit of lead was 1 ?g/L, the relative standard deviation was 2.5%. The recovery rates ranged from 90% to 95%, the linar range was 10-80 ?g/L. Conclusion This method was simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive. It was suitable for determining lead in air.

0.05);between YMDD mutation and YMDD negative,there was statistical difference(P0.05),between YMDD mutation and YMDD negative, there was significant difference(t=12.76,P

Objective Through investigating the situation of health care resources in Shanghai ,from the point of population and geographical area distribution, the article analyze the fair allocation of medical resources in Shanghai to provide the basis of decision-making in rational allocation of medical resources. Methods Use Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient indicators, as well as Chain Proportion Method. Results The allocation of medical resources in population of Shanghai is fairly,and the trend of fairness will be enhanced. In the geographical allocation in space is more unfairness in Shanghai,and the fairness will be reduced. Conclusion The allocation of medical resources Municipal Population has few gap between urban and rural areas in the Shanghai which reached a fair comparison, but in the geographic distribution of has a larger gap between urban and rural areas. Most of the medical resources concentrated in large hospitals in the urban centers. The distribution of Medical resources should be rational and the health service system should be improved to improve medical and health service accessibility.