Chitin is one of the most important component in fungal cell wall.Biosynthesis of chitin is a complex processes and needs several chitin synthase isoenzymes.The knowledge of structure,function and regulation of chitin synthases is mainly derived from the study of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.In contrast with the 3 chitin synthases in S.cerevisiae,7 were found in most filamentous fungi.In this review the classification and function of chitin synthases are summerized,and progress in the studies on chitin synthases of filamentous fungi which are of theoretical or medical or agricultural importance,including Aspergillus nidulans,Aspergillus fumigatus and Ustilago maydis are emphasized.Recent ad-vance of research on chitin synthase as antifungal target is also discussed.

Sophoramine ( Sa ) is an alkaloid from sophora alopecuroides. Linn., in anesthetize animals ( cat, rat and rabbit), intravenous adminstra-tion of Sa reduced rapidly and markly the arterial blood pressure. The mechanism of hypotension effect of Sa is mainly attributable to its sympathetic ganglionic blocking and direct vasodilatation. Experiment on the isolated hearts of guinea pig revealed that Sa produced negative chronotropic and positive inotropic action, and increased coronary flow simultaneously.In a study of experimental arrhythmia in animals,we observed that Sa could reduce the arrhythmia induced by aconitine in rats and decreased the incidence of ventricular fibrillation induced by chloroform in mice.

ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting both lower and upper motor neurons,including the pyramidal tract.There have been no objective and effective method to evaluate the lesions of upper motor neurons.With non-invasive,sensitive and macroscopic advantages,the application of Regular MR,MRS,DWI,function MR and VBM on ALS will undoubtedly have great potentials in the diagnosis,disease monitor and therapy of ALS.

Objective To evaluate the effect of endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)in diagnosing e- sophageal and gastric varices in portal hypertension(PHT)patients.Methods Fifty-three patients with e- sophageal and gastric varices(EV、GV)of decompensation PHT and 20 patients without PHT as control were undergone EUS and esophagogastroduodenoscopy(EGD)simultaneously.EUS detected mainly the EGV,e- sophagus and stomach collateral veins.Results EUS identified EV endoscopically in 29(54.7%)patients. EUS detected GV in 24(45.3%)patients,compared with detection in 18(34.0%)patients by esopha- gogastroduodenoscopy(EGD)(P＜0.001).EUS detected PEV in 27(51%)patients.Distribution rates of PEV in F1,F2 and F3 are 0%,28.6% and 75% respectively.The comparison between groups shows sig- nificant difference(P＜0.001).Splenic vein can be seen in both control and experimental groups with di- ameter 7.5?1.35mm VS 11.5?3.5mm respectively,the difference between two groups is significant(P＜0.001).Proximal diameters of Azygos vein in two groups is 7.36?1.29mm VS 8.77?2.94mm respective- ly.Significant difference can be found(P＜0.05).Conclusion EUS had significant value in the diagnosis of PHT with EV and GV,and especially in detecting abnormalities of extra-luminal veins.

Induced pluripotent stem cell is a landmark in the stem cell study field, which has rapidly developed in the past 10 years.By obtaining induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cell, and then differentiating into cardiomyocyte, various cardiomyocyte disease models could be established,which can be used for research of disease mechanisms, drug screening and gene therapy.This review introduces the successfully established cardiomyocyte disease models from human induced pluripotent stem cells, and points out the problems and prospects.

Adult ; Chondrosarcoma ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms ; Skull Base Neoplasms ; Sphenoid Sinus

0.05);between YMDD mutation and YMDD negative,there was statistical difference(P0.05),between YMDD mutation and YMDD negative, there was significant difference(t=12.76,P

The Risk-sharing agreements have achieved remarkable success in improving patients'access to drugs, lowering the uncertainty of the drugs cost-effectiveness, financial risk control and other aspects of medical in-surance fund , so they have attracted widespread attention by the concerned governments and insurers .This paper sys-tematically reviewed the patient access schemes in UK from several aspects , including the origin of the program , clas-sification , application processes and the implementation effects as well .The results of the research indicated that Chi-na has basically met the conditions for implementation of the risk-sharing agreements .In order to gradually promote the risk-sharing agreements implementation , this paper suggests that China should clarify the main root of risk-sharing agreements implementation , establish risk-sharing agreements standardization process and strengthen the application of health technology assessment in health resources allocation to improve the Chinese medicines bargaining system more scientifically and efficiently .

In order to investigate the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, the mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infected mice were experimentally studied. 6 to 8 week old female BALB/C mice with immunosuppression were selected to undergo the MCMV inoculations: intracranial inoculation and peritoneal inoculation. MCMV of the infected mice in various organs and tissues were detected by using beta-gal staining and in situ nucleic acid hybridization assay. The pathological changes were observed in HE staining paraffin-embedded sections. It was found that all the MCMV infected mice showed the retardation of growth and development, and feather looseness. Both intracranial inoculation of 10(4) PFU viruses or peritoneal inoculation of 10(6) PFU viruses resulted in the pathological changes, to some extent, of various organs and tissues in the mice. The pathological changes in liver were consistent with the amount of beta-gal staining positive cells, indicating the liver lesions were mainly caused by viral proliferation. It was also found that the viruses in the immunosuppressed mice subjected to intracranial inoculation could spread to whole body organs, while the viruses in the immunosuppressed mice subjected to intrapeitoneal inoculation couldn't spread to the brain, suggesting blood-brain barrier could prevent the virus from spreading to the brain.
Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain/pathology ; Brain/virology ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Herpesviridae Infections/pathology ; *Herpesviridae Infections/virology ; Immunocompromised Host ; Liver/pathology ; Liver/virology ; Lung/pathology ; Lung/virology ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; *Muromegalovirus

Objective To explore protective effect of heparin on renal of children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura(HSP).Methods Two hundred and fifteen cases with HSP were divided into heparin-treated group(110 cases,male 64,female 46) and control group (105 cases,male 61,female 44).Serum IL-6 and IL-8 levels were examined by using radioimmunoassay respectively.These patients were followed up for more than 6 months.Results 1.The level of IL-6,IL-8 did not show significant difference between heparin-treated group and control group before treatment.The serum concentrations of IL-6,IL-8 in heparin-treated group were obviously lower than those in control group,after treatment,there was significantly different[IL-6(116.50?19.45)vs(123.88?22.55)ng /L,t=2.573 P=0.011;IL-8(0.161?0.043)vs(0.173?0.048)?g/L,t=2.024 P=0.044].2.During more than 6 months follow-up there were 26 cases suffering from purpura nephritis in heparin-treated group, the morbidity was 25%; the morbidity in control group was 39.8%,the morbidity in treatment group was significant lower than that in control group(?2=5.061 P=0.024).The time of renal injury was significantly delay in treatment group(35.0?13.2)d compared with that of control group (26.0?12.1)d(t=2.659 P=0.010).Conclusions The serum IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations in HSP obviously decrease after heparin treatment.Heparin therapy can decrease the morbidity of renal injury in children with HSP and delay the time of renal injury effectively.