Circadian clocks regulate behavioral, physiological and biochemical processes in a day/night cycle. Circadian oscillators have an essential role in the coordination of physiological processes with the cyclic changes in the physical environment. Such mammalian circadian clocks composed of the positive components (BMAL1 and CLOCK) and the negative components (CRY and PERIOD (PER)) are regulated by a negative transcriptional feedback loop in which PER is rate-limiting for feedback inhibition. In addition, posttranslational modification of these components is critical for setting or resetting the circadian oscillation. Circadian regulation of metabolism is mediated through reciprocal signaling between the clock and metabolic regulatory networks. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the brain and peripheral tissue is a crucial cellular energy sensor that has a role in metabolic control. AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of CRY and Casein kinases I regulates the negative feedback control of circadian clock by proteolytic degradation. AMPK can also modulate the circadian rhythms through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent regulation of silent information regulator 1. Growing evidence elucidates the AMPK-mediated controls of circadian clock in metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. In this review, we summarize the current comprehension of AMPK-mediated regulation of the circadian rhythms. This will provide insight into understanding how their components regulate the metabolism.
AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Animals ; Casein Kinase I/metabolism ; *Circadian Clocks ; Cryptochromes/metabolism ; Humans ; *Metabolism ; Sirtuins/metabolism

With the rapid development of transgenic technology, the safety of genetically modified products has received extensive attention. Certified reference materials for the detection of genetically modified organisms play important roles in ensuring comparability and traceability of the qualitative and quantitative detection of genetically modified products. However, the development of protein reference materials is relatively slow, and one of the difficulties is the preparation of protein candidates with high purity. The cry1Ah1 gene of Bacillus thuringiensis has been used for the development of transgenic insect-resistant crops because of its excellent insecticidal activity against lepidopteran pests such as Asian corn borer, and has obtained transgenic lines with good insect resistance traits. In order to develop Cry1Ah protein certified reference material, it is urgent to establish a preparation and purification system. In this study, a system for preparing Cry1Ah protein by Bt expression system was optimized, and a high-purity Cry1Ah protein (size exclusion chromatography purity: 99.6%) was obtained by ion-exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography stepwise purification. The results of biological activity assay showed that there was no significant difference in the insecticidal activity of purified Cry1Ah protein and protoxin against diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella). Finally, the amino acid sequence of the activated Cry1Ah protein was determined using Edman degradation and mass spectrometry. In summary, the obtained Cry1Ah pure protein can be used for the development of protein reference materials.
Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; Bacterial Proteins ; Cryptochromes ; metabolism ; Endotoxins ; Hemolysin Proteins ; Moths ; Pest Control, Biological ; Plants, Genetically Modified

Bone regeneration remains a great clinical challenge. Low intensity near-infrared (NIR) light showed strong potential to promote tissue regeneration, offering a promising strategy for bone defect regeneration. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of NIR on bone regeneration remain unclear. We demonstrated that bone regeneration in the rat skull defect model was significantly accelerated with low-intensity NIR stimulation. In vitro studies showed that NIR stimulation could promote the osteoblast differentiation in bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and MC3T3-E1 cells, which was associated with increased ubiquitination of the core circadian clock protein Cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) in the nucleus. We found that the reduction of CRY1 induced by NIR light activated the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways, promoting SMAD1/5/9 phosphorylation and increasing the expression levels of Runx2 and Osterix. NIR light treatment may act through sodium voltage-gated channel Scn4a, which may be a potential responder of NIR light to accelerate bone regeneration. Together, these findings suggest that low-intensity NIR light may promote in situ bone regeneration in a CRY1-dependent manner, providing a novel, efficient and non-invasive strategy to promote bone regeneration for clinical bone defects.
Animals ; Rats ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/metabolism* ; Bone Regeneration ; Cell Differentiation ; Circadian Clocks ; Cryptochromes/metabolism* ; Osteoblasts/metabolism* ; Osteogenesis ; Transcription Factors/metabolism*