1.Normal Size of Fetal Kidneys: Sonographic Measurements.
Yong Soo SEO ; Cheol Hun CHOI ; Seok Joo CHOI ; Seong Jin CHOI ; Yong A KIM ; Soon Ha YANG ; Jeong Min SEO ; Kwan Hyun PARK ; Jong Hwa KIM
Korean Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;46(3):537-541
OBJECTIVE: To establish size ranges of normal fetal kidneys by ultrasonogram during pregnancy. METHODS: The A-P diameter and length of each of 450 kidneys in 225 consecutive fetuses between 19 and 41 weeks of gestation were measured on sonogram from March to August 2001 in Samsung Medical Center. Gestational ages were determined by last menstrual period and Crown-Rump Lengths of early stage of pregnancy. Abnormal fetuses, twins, offspring of diabetic mothers, and fetuses with renal pelvic dilatation of 5 mm or greater were excluded to avoid any questionable measurements. RESULTS: The results showed normal distribution and results were similar to previous reports. There was a strong correlation between fetal renal size and gestational age, but no significant difference between right and left renal sizes in fetuses. Average A-P diameter and renal lengths were significantly different when compared across the range of gestational ages (p<.001). CONCLUSION: As long as we know, this was the first report of size of the normal fetal kidney sonographically during pregnancy in Korea. We think that these results can be used to detect abnormality of fetal kidney and to estimate uncertain gestational age.
Crown-Rump Length
;
Dilatation
;
Fetus
;
Gestational Age
;
Humans
;
Kidney*
;
Korea
;
Mothers
;
Pregnancy
;
Ultrasonography*
2.Comparison of Ultrasonographic Biometry and Regular Last Menstrual Period as Predictors of Day of Delivery in the Spontaneous Onset of Labor.
Suk Young KIM ; Seung Wook LIM ; Gwang Jun KIM ; Ji Sung LEE ; Byung Cheul HWANG ; Yu Duk CHOI
Korean Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;44(5):872-876
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether the day of delivery for women with regular menstrual history was predicted best from the last menstrual period (LMP), crown rump length (CRL) and or biparietal diameter (BPD). METHODS: All of 561 women had estimated the day of delivery by LMP, CRL in the first trimester (In case of 217 women, it was available) and BPD in the second trimester. The accuracy of each method in predicting the day of delivery was determined. Those who were delivered after the spontaneous onset of labor were included. Differences among these methods were evaluated with nonparametric tests. RESULTS: The percentage of women who delivered within 3 days of the estimated day of delivery was 254(45.3%) and 216(38.5%) of the women with pregnancies by BPD and LMP, respectively. And within 7days of the estimated day were 408(72.7%), 390(69.5%) of the women from BPD and the LMP. In the women, the BPD estimate was significantly better predictor within the 7days of the day of delivery than LMP estimate (p=0.027). Compared to LMP estimate, CRL and BPD estimates seemed to be advanced the day of delivery about 2.6 days in CRL, and 0.9 days in BPD (p=0.004, p=0.034). But we could not find any advantage of the CRL measurement in first trimester than single BPD measurement in the second trimester for the predictor of the day of delivery. CONCLUSIONS: When the difference between the methods in predicting the day of delivery was less than 7 days, the BPD measurement was better than the last menstrual period.
Biometry*
;
Crown-Rump Length
;
Female
;
Humans
;
Pregnancy
;
Pregnancy Trimester, First
;
Pregnancy Trimester, Second
;
Ultrasonography
3.The Maturation of Circulating Primitive Erythroblasts in Human Embryos. A Karyometrical Study.
Young Sik JOO ; Won Bok LEE ; Dong Chang KIM
Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology 1990;3(2):119-129
The primitive erythroblasts in 21 cases of embryonic hearts from 4 to 9 weeks of gestation were studied with a light microscope. The nuclear diameter, the motosis, and the loss of nuclei of the primitive erythoblasts were analyzed quantitatively. The results obtained were as follows. 1. At 4 weeks of gestation, the blood cells consisted of proerythroblasts, along with basophilic polychromatophilic primitive erythroblasts. The nuclear diameter ranged from 3.20 µm to 9.20 µm, but the main range was from 4.20 µm to 6.00 µm. It was revealed that 9.50% had diameter of more than 6 µm. 2. At the fist half of the 7 week gestation when hepatic hemopoiesis developed, the blood cells consisted of basophilic, polychromatophilic, and eosinophilic erythroblasts. Cells of more than 6 µm in nuclear diameter were about 1.10% and thereafter gradually disappeared. The range of the nuclear diameters was from 2.60 µm to 7.00 µm, while a range from 3.40 µm to 5.20 µm wqs the main. The proportion of cells less than 4 µm in nuclear diameter was 39.58% and thereafter rapidly increased. 3. From the second half of 7 weeks to 9 weeks of gestation, the erythrocytes originating from hepatic hemopoiesis increasingly replaced the circulating primitive erythroblasts, which became mature during this time. The erythrocytes showed 72.88% at 9 weeks of gestation. The proportions of cells less than 4 µm in nuclear diameter in the first and second haIves of 8 weeks and 9 weeks were 52.73%, 80.02%, and 89.09%, which represented the rapid destruction of nuclei. 4. Mitosis in the primitive erythroblasts occurred principally up to the early 6th weeks, and very weakly at 8 weeks. 5. As the crown-rump length increased, the average nuclear diameter decreased very significantly (P<0.01, y=-0.2811X + 0.3171). The results suggest that distrilbution of the nuclear diameter, the maturity, the rate of nuclear loss, and the mitotic figure offer credible data for estimating embryonic age.
Basophils
;
Blood Cells
;
Crown-Rump Length
;
Embryonic Structures*
;
Eosinophils
;
Erythroblasts*
;
Erythrocytes
;
Heart
;
Humans*
;
Mitosis
;
Pregnancy
4.A Case of Developmental Anomaly of the Process of Folius Associated with Conductive Hearing Loss.
Heung Youp LEE ; Jun Myung KANG ; Sung Moon YOUN ; Jae Woo PARK
Korean Journal of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2001;44(9):986-989
The anterior process of the malleus (process of Folius) in the middle ear develops through an intramembranous ossification center that appears in the human embryo of 26.5 mm crown-rump length at a caudomedial position in relation to Meckel's cartilage. We present one case of an ossicular anomaly considered to consist of an abnormality of the anterior process and manubrium mallei (malleus handle). In this case, a thick bony bar was found extending from the neck of the malleus and abnormally developed an anterior process of the malleus to the posterior bony wall or the tympanic bone. In the anterior part, a thick bony bar was also found in the anterior bony wall connecting with the malleus neck and the anterior process of malleus, which was abnormally developed by fibrous tissue. The manubrium mallei and the umbo were not identified and the anterior process of the malleus was recognized as an abnormally developed bony fragment. On the basis of these findings, the bony bar was assumed to represent an abnormally developed mesenchyme bone (os goniale), which later developed into the anterior process of the malleus.
Cartilage
;
Crown-Rump Length
;
Ear, Middle
;
Embryonic Structures
;
Hearing Loss, Conductive*
;
Humans
;
Malleus
;
Manubrium
;
Mesoderm
;
Neck
5.Chromosomal Abnormality of Spontaneous Abortus in Relation to Transvaginal Ultrasonographic Finding.
Kyung Ah JEONG ; Tae Jung KANG ; Jee Eun HAN ; Kyung Soon LEE
Korean Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;44(2):246-251
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the importance of transvaginal ultrasonographic findings of spontaneous abortion and the relation of transvaginal ultrasonographic finding and the karyotype of abortus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Transvaginal sonography was undergone to 48 subjects with spontaneous abortion in their early pregnancies who had visited Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, from March 1996 to June 1999. A chromosome analysis of their aborted products was done. RESULTS: The frequency of chromosome abnormalities of abortus was 47.9%. Among the chromosomal abnormalities, trisomy was 31.2%(simple trisomy 27.0%, double trisomy 4.2%), monosomy X 8.4%, poliploidy 8.4%(tripoidy 4.2%, tetraploidy 4.2%). The average maternal age for trisomy was 30.2+/-4.9, and their past number of spontaneous abortions was 1.0+/-0.9, with trisomy 16 most frequent with 23.0%. In the case with trisomy 5, 22, and double trisomy, the average maternal age was increased with 38.0, 36.0+/-2.8, 35.5+/-5.0, respectively. However, no significant relevance could be found. The average maternal age for polyploidy was 30.5+/-3.7, and their past number of spontaneous abortions was 1.0+/-2.0. No significant relevance could be found compared with normal karyotypes. The average maternal age for monosomy X was 27.5+/-1.7, which is lower than the average maternal age for normal karyotypes, but not significantly so. The mean number of past abortions was no different with 1.0+/-0.8. No significant relevance could be found between ultrasonographic findings and chromosomal abnormalities. The measured/expected crown-rump length ratio of the aborted group was smaller than those of the control group. CONCLUSION: Serial ultrasonographic findings in early pregnancies help to diagnose spontaneous abortion, but not efficient to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities in the aborted group.
Abortion, Spontaneous
;
Chromosome Aberrations*
;
Crown-Rump Length
;
Female
;
Humans
;
Karyotype
;
Maternal Age
;
Polyploidy
;
Pregnancy
;
Tetraploidy
;
Trisomy
;
Turner Syndrome
6.Human Embryos of Carnegie Stage 17.
Ho YOON ; Hyun KIM ; Hyung Woo PARK
Korean Journal of Anatomy 1997;30(3):235-242
Morphological characteristics of human embryos of Carnegie stage 17 were described. The crown rump length of these embryos were 11.7-13.6mm. These embryos were characterized externally by ventrally directed nasal pits, 6 distinct auricular hillocks, finger rays in the hand plate, digital plate at the lower limb bud, herniation of a part of midgut through umbilical cord, and internally by the partial fusion of ventral and dorsal pancreas, prominent nasal sac which is not open to primitive oral cavity, formation of segmental and some subsegmental bronchial buds, branching of metanephrotic pelvis, crescent-shaped lens cavity, and imminent semicircular ducts.
Crown-Rump Length
;
Embryonic Structures*
;
Fingers
;
Hand
;
Humans*
;
Lower Extremity
;
Mouth
;
Pancreas
;
Pelvis
;
Semicircular Ducts
;
Umbilical Cord
7.Simplified protocol of nuchal translucency measurement: Is it still effective?.
Obstetrics & Gynecology Science 2013;56(5):307-311
OBJECTIVE: Nuchal translucency (NT) is the most powerful screening tool for Down syndrome and congenital cardiac anomaly, therefore strict guidelines were established to get accurate NT values. However, to stick to the guideline in all pregnant women is time-consuming and superfluous in majority of low risk population. We undertook this study to investigate whether the simplified protocol enables to select low risk group and is effective in them even if we skip the suggested NT measurement. METHODS: NT and crown-rump length (CRL) were measured prospectively. First, CRL was measured in the ordinary view that was mid-sagittal section of fetus in neutral position, and NT was measured at the same frozen screen (first measured value, 1MV). Then, NT was measured again according to the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) guideline (second measured value, 2MV). RESULTS: There was good correlation between 1MV and 2MV in each case (r = 0.83, P < 0.001). All of the NT values over the 95th percentile in 2MV also belonged to over the 95th percentile in 1MV. NT value of 2 mm in 1MV could be used as a cut-off to obtain over the 95th percentile 2MV by receiver operating characteristic curve (sensitivity 100%, specificity 80.5%). The proportion of 1MV > or = 2 mm was only 23.8% of all cases, namely we had only to measure 2MV in 23.8% patients. Every 95th percentile or more 2MV could be detected with this simplified protocol. CONCLUSION: If NT is less than 2 mm at ordinary CRL view, we may skip suggested NT measurement according to FMF guideline.
Crown-Rump Length
;
Down Syndrome
;
Female
;
Fetus
;
Humans
;
Mass Screening
;
Nuchal Translucency Measurement
;
Pregnant Women
;
Prospective Studies
;
ROC Curve
;
Sensitivity and Specificity
8.Intrauterine growth curves for body weight, body length, head circumference, chest circumference, and crown-rump length in 16 887 neonates with a gestational age of 27-42 weeks in Shenzhen, China.
Xiao-Yun HUANG ; Hui-Long LIU ; Min LEI ; Hui-Fen MAI ; Chao-Hui LIAN ; You-Cong LI
Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 2017;19(8):877-886
OBJECTIVETo establish the intrauterine growth curves of neonates in Shenzhen, China and to investigate the intrauterine growth of neonates in Shenzhen.
METHODSCross-sectional cluster sampling was performed for an on-the-spot investigation of 16 887 neonates (9 418 males and 7 469 females) with a gestational age of 27-42 weeks who were born in two hospitals in Shenzhen from April 2013 to September 2015. The Lambda Mu Sigma (LMS) method was used for the curve fitting of body weight, body length, head circumference, chest circumference, and crown-rump length.
RESULTSThe 3rd-97th percentile intrauterine growth curves for body weight, body length, head circumference, chest circumference, and crown-rump length were plotted for the neonates with a gestational age of 27-42 weeks who were divided into three groups (male, female, and mixed). The male neonates had significantly higher curves for the five indices than the female counterparts. The pattern and changing trend of body weight curves of these neonates were basically consistent with those in China Neonatal Network.
CONCLUSIONSThe percentile intrauterine growth curves for body weight, body length, head circumference, chest circumference, and crown-rump length in neonates with a gestational age of 27-42 weeks in Shenzhen which has been established can provide a reference for clinical practice in the department of neonatology.
Body Height ; Body Weight ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Crown-Rump Length ; Female ; Fetal Development ; physiology ; Gestational Age ; Head ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Thorax ; anatomy & histology
9.Electron Microscopic Study on the Development of the Spinal Ganglion of Human Fetus.
Pan Seok JEON ; Eui Joong YANG ; Suk Jung JNAG ; Choong Hyun KIM ; Jae Ryong YOON ; Ho SHIN
Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 1994;23(7):729-737
The development and differentiation of cells in the spinal ganglion were studied by electron microscopy in human fetuses ranging from 12 mm to 260 mm crown rump length. At 12 mm embryo the primitive neuroblasts which had a single process, contained a large numbers of free ribosome and mitochondria but very little rough endoplasmic reticulum. At 30 mm fetus, the primitive spinal ganglion consisted of bipolar neuroblasts, satellite cells and undifferentiated cells. Spindle-shaped bipolar neuroblasts formed spinal ganglion of loosely grouped cells at 50 mm fetus. Two neuroblast cell types, a small cell contained large clumps of rough endoplasmic reticulum at periphery, could be distinguished. At 80 mm fetus, the spinal ganglion constituted of bipolar neuroblast with apparently random distribution of small and large neurons with processes, together with satellite cells and blood vessels. The presences of a large numbers of neurotubules in the Golgi-central region were one of the first sign of further maturation of the neuroblast. During next prenatal stage from 120 mm on fetus, the ganglion cells were large and contained much rough endoplasmic reticulum, neurotubules and extensive Golgi complex. A large number of neuroblasts became transformed into unipolar cells from 180 mm to 260 mm feuts. Nissl bodies appeared during this stage. The ganglion-satellite cell boundary became complicated with increasing age, then enlarging in parallel with the increase in volume of the nerve cell. During next prenatal stage up to 180 mm fetus, the unipolar ganglion cell increased in number and size, and the cytoplsm contained all intracytoplasmic structures which were also found in mature spinal ganglion except for large pigment granules.
Blood Vessels
;
Crown-Rump Length
;
Embryonic Structures
;
Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough
;
Fetus*
;
Ganglia, Spinal*
;
Ganglion Cysts
;
Golgi Apparatus
;
Humans*
;
Microscopy, Electron
;
Mitochondria
;
Neurons
;
Nissl Bodies
;
Ribosomes
10.Significance of fetal heart rate by vaginal ultrasound in the early pregnancy.
Dong Hyun CHA ; Yoon Ho LEE ; Jong Seok KIM ; Seung Hyun SUH ; Byung Joo PARK ; Jong Wha KIM
Korean Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000;43(7):1176-1180
OBJECTIVE: Fetal heart rate in embryos(6-8 gestational weeks) have been significantly related to fetal outcome, but have rarely been studied. We attempted to identify fetal heart rate during 6-8 gestational weeks. Our purpose was to determine the lower limit of the heart rate associated with a favorable outcome and to evaluate the prognosis for those embryos with slow heart rates in early period. METHODS: We prospectively studied 798 singleton pregnancies between Jul. 1997-Dec. 1999 visiting our hospital. Gestational age was calculated from the beginning of the last menstrual period in the case of regular cycle and was confirmed by the crown-rump length. Other cases were measured by crown-rump length or mean gestational sac diameter. Color doppler sonography was used to calculate the fetal heart rate in beats per minute as the mean of 3 waves. RESULTS: Mean fetal heart rate (+/-SD) were 114.08+/-15.40 bpm for group 1, 126.49+/-18.78 for group 2, 139.83+/-19.92 for group 3, and 149.58+/-23.34 for group 4(p<0.001). Prognosis in the first trimester improved as heart rate increased to 100 bpm in group 1 and 120 bpm in group 2. In group 3 and 4, most of fetus with heart rates below 110 bpm died. CONCLUSIONS: The fetal heart rate during 6-8 gestational weeks is associated with fetal outcome at the end of the first trimester and we can identify the fetuses that are in risk.
Crown-Rump Length
;
Embryonic Structures
;
Female
;
Fetal Heart*
;
Fetus
;
Gestational Age
;
Gestational Sac
;
Heart Rate
;
Heart Rate, Fetal*
;
Humans
;
Pregnancy
;
Pregnancy Trimester, First
;
Pregnancy*
;
Prognosis
;
Prospective Studies
;
Ultrasonography*