No abstract available.
Child ; Croup ; Humans ; Korea

Clinical studies were performed on 32 cases of infectious cuoup prevailing in winter of 1975, admitted to department of pediatrics. The symptoms were critical and clinical course was more repidly progressed, so incidence of emergent tracheostomy was increased than previous years. Incidence of complicated Pulmonary disease was high, but prognosis was good relatively. According to these findings, specific prevalent viral infection was suspected, but identification of virus was not performed.
Croup* ; Incidence ; Lung Diseases ; Pediatrics ; Prognosis ; Tracheostomy

To evaluate the change of perception, attitude and practice toward Group Health Care Systerl for small and medium industries, a survey using self-administered questionnaire was conducted to a part of industries in Inchon area, in year 1992 and 1993. major dependent variables were perception, attitude, and practical behavioral change related with Croup Health Care System ; these variables were measured by 3-point Likert like scale. 47 industries were used in analysis. Psrception of year 1993 was higher (1.25) than that (1 34) of 1992. Attitude of yeal. 1993 was also slightly higher (1.46) than that (1.43) of 1992. Both data indicated positive attitude. Practice of year 1993 was slightly lewer (0.86) tHan that (0.90) of 1992, but its change didn't have any statistical significance. In year 1992, major determinants of perception, attitude and behaviral change were sex and age of industrial health care manager ; they had positive efffct upon perception and practice. In yeal. 1993, it was sex of health care manager; it had influenced upon practice. Both year 1992 and 1993, perception was higher and attitude was more positive. In the case of higher perception or positive attitude, practice was active accordingly. To accelerate the behavioral change of health care manager, it is necessary to eaucate them continuously.
Croup ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Incheon ; Occupational Health* ; Questionnaires

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect f nebulized budensonide and intramuscular dexamethasone in relieving laryngeal obstruction of croup. METHODS: Forty patients with moderate croup (croup scores of 3 to 7 out of 17) were randomly assigned to budesonide group [1 mg(2 ml) of nebulized budesonide, N=15], dexamethasone group [intramuscular dexamethasone(0.5 mg/kg) and nebulized saline, N=10] and control group(2 ml of nebulized saline, N=15). The changes of croup scores, heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial oxygen saturation(SaO2) were observed at post-treatment of 2, 24, 36 and 48 hours. The duration of admission and the rates of improvement to the croup score of < or = 1 at the post-treatments were compared. RESULTS: Croup scores at 12, 24 and 36 hours post treatments were 1.7+/-0.8, 1.1+/-0.7 and 0.8+/-0.7 in budensonide group and 2.2+/-0.7, 1.2+/-0.8 and 1.0+/-0.5 in dexamethasone group respectively, which were significantly lower rate, and SaO2 were not significantly different among the three groups. Improved rates to croup score of <1 in budesonide group at post-treatments of 12, 24, and 36 jpirs were 53%, 73% and 87%, which were significantly higher than 0%, 13%, and 47% in control group (p<0.05). Improved rate to croup score of < or = 1 in dexamethasone group was 60^ which was significantly hgier than 13% in control group only at post-treatment of 24 hours (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Nebulized budesonide and intramusculan dexamethasone are both effective in reducing obstructive symptoms in patients with moderate croup. The effect of nebulized budesonide was more rapid than that of intramuscular dexamethasone.
Budesonide* ; Croup ; Dexamethasone* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Oxygen ; Respiratory Rate

PURPOSE: Steroids have anti-inflammatory effects which reduces inflammation and edema of the tissue. Thus, corticosteroids have been used for treatment of croup. The aim this study is to compare and assess the effects of intramuscularly injected dexamethasone and nebulized budesonide in treatment of moderate or severe croup. METHODS: Between July 1995 to June 1996, we have assessed 44 inpatients with croup syndrome, of which 20 patients have been treated by intramuscularly injected dexamethasone and 24 patients by nebulized budesonide. We measured the croup symptom scores and arterial oxygen saturation at initial, at 4 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours after treatment. RESULTS: The sex ratio and mean age of patients were 2.3:1 and 18.7 +/- 9.1 months in budesonide treatment group and 3:1 and 22.3 +/- 13.1 months in dexamethasone treatment group, respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) among the two groups. In budesonide treatment group, the symptom scores were 7.5 +/- 4.5 at initial and 4.5 +/- 1.3 at 4 hours after treatment. These were statistically significant (P<0.005). In the dexamethansone treatment group, the symptom scores were 7.6 +/- 1.2 at initial and 5.1 +/- 1.2 at 4 hours after treatment. They were statistically significant (P<0.005). Arterial oxygen saturations were significantly different (P<0.005) between initial and 4 hours after treatment in both groups. There were no side effects in the budesonide treatment group. CONCLUSION: Nebulized budesonide has the same effects with intramuscularly injected dexamethasone in treatment of croup whether the severity is moderate or extreme. Therefore it should provide an effective means of treatment for moderate or severe croup patients without systemic side effects.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Budesonide* ; Croup* ; Dexamethasone* ; Edema ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Inpatients ; Oxygen ; Sex Ratio ; Steroids

Tension pneumothorax is a rare but critical complication of mechanical ventilation. Many researchers regard elevated peak inspiratory pressure as a major etiology for pneumothorax during ventilatory care. Bronchospasm is another adverse events under general anesthesia and it has been reported that the risk of bronchospasm is increased in the children with recent upper respiratory infection. We have experienced a case of recurrent bronchospasm which finally ends up with bilateral tension pneumothorax and debilitating consequences. A 2 year-old boy with a history of croup one week before neuroblastoma excision operation developed several times of bronchospasm attacks during the operation. Episodes of bronchospasm continued in the ICU and complicated with sudden postoperative bilateral tension pneumothorax. Pneumothorax possibly associated with bronchospasm was rarely reported until now. Therefore, we present this case with the literature review.
Anesthesia, General ; Bronchial Spasm* ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Croup* ; Humans ; Male ; Neuroblastoma ; Pneumothorax* ; Respiration, Artificial

PURPOSE: This prospective study was conducted to evaulate the effect of nebulized steroid (budesonide) and parenteral steroid (dexamethasone) on chidren with croup. METHODS: Twenty nine infants and children (6months-5years of age) admitted to hospital with croup were randomly assigned to receive either 1mg (4ml) of nebulized budesonide (17 patients) or 0.6mg/kg intramuscular injection of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (12 patients). Total croup score, heart rate and respiratory rate of patients were assessed on admission, 30 minutes, 2 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours after treatment, respectively. RESULTS: 1) In total cases, total croup score were significantly decreased at 30 minutes after treatment in the group treated with nebulized budesonide (p<0.01) but at 2 hours after treatmetn in the group treated with dexamethasone (p<0.05). 2) In mild cases (total croup score<5), total croup score were significantly decreased at 2 hours after treatment in the both group (p<0.05). 3) In moderate to severe cases (total croup score> or =5), total croup score were significantly decreased at 30 minutes after treatment in the group treated with nebulized budesonide (p<0.05). But in group treated with dexamethasone, there were no statistical significance because of small cases. 4) Respiratory rate was decreased after treatment in the both group, but significantly decreased at 2 hours after treatment in the group treated with dexamethasone (p<0.05). 5) Heart rate was decreased after treatment in the both group, but significantly decreased at 30 minutes after treatment in the group treated with dexamethasone (p<0.05). 6) There were no significant side effects in the both group. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that both nebulized budesonide and parenteral dexamethasone were effective in treatment of croup, and that nebulized budesonide leads to more rapid clinical improvement in children with croup, especially moderate to severe one.
Budesonide ; Child* ; Croup* ; Dexamethasone ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Infant ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Prospective Studies ; Respiratory Rate ; Sodium

Viscoelastic materials have been used to protect corneal endothelial cells and intraocular tissue. The chemical composition of Healon(R) (sodium hyaluronate) is different from that of Viscoat(R). Thus, to compare the chemical effect between Healon(R) and Viscoat(R), we evaluated the postoperative change of intraocular pressure (lOP) and density of corneal endothelial cells in 60 cataractous patients. The age distribution was from 38 to 66. In group I, Healon(R) was used and removed during the operation. In group II, Viscoat(R) was used and removed during the operation. In group III. Viscoat(R) was used but not removed during the operation. We found the fact that Viscoat(R) has a tendency to increase lOP at early postoperative period if not removed. However, returning of the increased lOP to normal was faster in Group II (Viscoat(R)) than in Croup I (Healon(R). And also Viscoat(R) was found to have better protective effect to the corneal endothelial cells if not removed during the operation.
Age Distribution ; Cataract* ; Chondroitin Sulfates ; Croup ; Endothelial Cells* ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Postoperative Period

Viscoelastic materials have been used to protect corneal endothelial cells and intraocular tissue. The chemical composition of Healon(R) (sodium hyaluronate) is different from that of Viscoat(R). Thus, to compare the chemical effect between Healon(R) and Viscoat(R), we evaluated the postoperative change of intraocular pressure (lOP) and density of corneal endothelial cells in 60 cataractous patients. The age distribution was from 38 to 66. In group I, Healon(R) was used and removed during the operation. In group II, Viscoat(R) was used and removed during the operation. In group III. Viscoat(R) was used but not removed during the operation. We found the fact that Viscoat(R) has a tendency to increase lOP at early postoperative period if not removed. However, returning of the increased lOP to normal was faster in Group II (Viscoat(R)) than in Croup I (Healon(R). And also Viscoat(R) was found to have better protective effect to the corneal endothelial cells if not removed during the operation.
Age Distribution ; Cataract* ; Chondroitin Sulfates ; Croup ; Endothelial Cells* ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Postoperative Period

PURPOSE: We suspect there is a difference in the clinical manifestations and treatment response to antiviral drugs for influenza A and B. This study was conducted to investigate this difference. METHODS: We collected information on pediatric patients, infected with the influenza virus, admitted to Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital from October 2013 to May 2015. We investigated the clinical manifestations of influenza and differences in treatment response to oseltamivir treatment for the two types of influenza. RESULTS: A total of 138 patients were included. The mean age was 3.5±4.0 years. When comparing the diseases associated with influenza A and B, croup (19.2% vs. 1.7%, P=0.001) was more common with influenza A infection. Myositis (0% vs. 6.7%, P=0.021) and gastroenteritis (29.5% vs. 46.7%, P=0.038) were more common with influenza B infection. When comparing the total fever duration from the start of oseltamivir administration, patients treated with oseltamivir within 2 days of fever had the shortest duration. Among the patients treated with oseltamivir, the duration of fever, after the start of oseltamivir treatment, for was shorter for influenza A infection than for influenza B infection (16.0±19.1 hours vs. 28.9±27.9 hours, P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: There appear to be differences in the accompanying diseases and antiviral medication responses between the two types of influenza. It is important to administer oseltamivir within 2 days of fever.
Antiviral Agents ; Child ; Croup ; Fever ; Gastroenteritis ; Humans ; Influenza, Human* ; Myositis ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Oseltamivir