No abstract available.
Child ; Croup ; Humans ; Korea

Clinical studies were performed on 32 cases of infectious cuoup prevailing in winter of 1975, admitted to department of pediatrics. The symptoms were critical and clinical course was more repidly progressed, so incidence of emergent tracheostomy was increased than previous years. Incidence of complicated Pulmonary disease was high, but prognosis was good relatively. According to these findings, specific prevalent viral infection was suspected, but identification of virus was not performed.
Croup* ; Incidence ; Lung Diseases ; Pediatrics ; Prognosis ; Tracheostomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect f nebulized budensonide and intramuscular dexamethasone in relieving laryngeal obstruction of croup. METHODS: Forty patients with moderate croup (croup scores of 3 to 7 out of 17) were randomly assigned to budesonide group [1 mg(2 ml) of nebulized budesonide, N=15], dexamethasone group [intramuscular dexamethasone(0.5 mg/kg) and nebulized saline, N=10] and control group(2 ml of nebulized saline, N=15). The changes of croup scores, heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial oxygen saturation(SaO2) were observed at post-treatment of 2, 24, 36 and 48 hours. The duration of admission and the rates of improvement to the croup score of < or = 1 at the post-treatments were compared. RESULTS: Croup scores at 12, 24 and 36 hours post treatments were 1.7+/-0.8, 1.1+/-0.7 and 0.8+/-0.7 in budensonide group and 2.2+/-0.7, 1.2+/-0.8 and 1.0+/-0.5 in dexamethasone group respectively, which were significantly lower rate, and SaO2 were not significantly different among the three groups. Improved rates to croup score of <1 in budesonide group at post-treatments of 12, 24, and 36 jpirs were 53%, 73% and 87%, which were significantly higher than 0%, 13%, and 47% in control group (p<0.05). Improved rate to croup score of < or = 1 in dexamethasone group was 60^ which was significantly hgier than 13% in control group only at post-treatment of 24 hours (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Nebulized budesonide and intramusculan dexamethasone are both effective in reducing obstructive symptoms in patients with moderate croup. The effect of nebulized budesonide was more rapid than that of intramuscular dexamethasone.
Budesonide* ; Croup ; Dexamethasone* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Oxygen ; Respiratory Rate

To evaluate the change of perception, attitude and practice toward Group Health Care Systerl for small and medium industries, a survey using self-administered questionnaire was conducted to a part of industries in Inchon area, in year 1992 and 1993. major dependent variables were perception, attitude, and practical behavioral change related with Croup Health Care System ; these variables were measured by 3-point Likert like scale. 47 industries were used in analysis. Psrception of year 1993 was higher (1.25) than that (1 34) of 1992. Attitude of yeal. 1993 was also slightly higher (1.46) than that (1.43) of 1992. Both data indicated positive attitude. Practice of year 1993 was slightly lewer (0.86) tHan that (0.90) of 1992, but its change didn't have any statistical significance. In year 1992, major determinants of perception, attitude and behaviral change were sex and age of industrial health care manager ; they had positive efffct upon perception and practice. In yeal. 1993, it was sex of health care manager; it had influenced upon practice. Both year 1992 and 1993, perception was higher and attitude was more positive. In the case of higher perception or positive attitude, practice was active accordingly. To accelerate the behavioral change of health care manager, it is necessary to eaucate them continuously.
Croup ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Incheon ; Occupational Health* ; Questionnaires

PURPOSE: Dexamethasone intramuscular injection and oral prednisolone have been known to be effective in the treatment of croup. The aim of this study was to determine whether nebulized budesonide leads to clinically important improvement in respiratory symptoms within four hours for child with mild to moderate croup. METHODS: Patients with croup visited to the department of Pediatrics, Han Il General Hospital from March 1995 to June 1996 were enrolled in this study. Patients were eligible if their age was between six months and six years, their total croup score was higher than 2 after breathing humidified air for at least 15 minutes. 28 patients were treated with 2mg (8ml) of nebulized budesonide and 8 patients with 8ml of normal saline as control group over the 30 minutes. Croup score, heart rate and respiratory rate were then assessed hourly for up to four hours. Side effects were also observed. RESULTS: 1) The croup score was improved from 3.6+/-0.8 to 1.9+/-0.9 at 4 hours after the nebulized budesonide treatment. 2) No significant differences in changes in heart rate were observed until 4 hours after both the nebulized budesonide group and control group. 3) Significant decrease in respiratory rate was observed at 4 hours after the nebulized budesonide group. 4) No specific side effects were noted during and 4 hours after the nebulized budesonide treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that nebulized budesonide leads to a prompt and important clinical improvement in children with mild to moderate croup without any specific side effects.
Budesonide* ; Child ; Croup* ; Dexamethasone ; Heart Rate ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Pediatrics ; Prednisolone ; Respiration ; Respiratory Rate

PURPOSE: The aim of this prospective, randomized study was to evaluate the effects and adverse effects of nebulized L-epinephrine compared with nebulized budesonide in children with moderate to severe croup. METHODS: Children were eligible for the study if their croup scores fell in the moderate to severe range(scores>4) in the AMC from May 1995 till May 1996. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either 5ml(1 : 1000) of L-epinephrine aerosols(n=9) or 500microgram of budesonide aerosols (n=8). Croup score, O2 saturation by pulse oximeter, heart rate, and blood pressure were recorded before treatment and at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 minutes after aerosol treatment. Nine patients were enrolled in the nebulized L-epinephrine group and 8 in the nebulized budesonide group, respectively. There were no statistical differences in age, sex and croup score before treatment between the two groups. RESULTS: Total croup score significantly decreased at 15 minutes after treatment in the L-epinephrine group(P<0.05) but at 120 minutes after treatment in the budesonide group(P<0.05). Treatment failed in 1(1/9) patient in the L-epinephrine group and 2(2/8) patients in the budesonide group, who received intramuscular dexamethasone injections. The rebound phenomenon at 120 minutes after treatment was found in 1 patient from both groups. There were no significant changes of heart rate and blood pressure before and after treatment in both groups. CONCLUSION: The treatment using nebulized L-epinephrine showed a more prompt clinical improvement than the treatment using nebulized budesonide and without any significant adverse effects. So it can be recommended for emergent management in children with moderate to severe croup.
Aerosols* ; Blood Pressure ; Budesonide* ; Child ; Croup* ; Dexamethasone ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Prospective Studies*

PURPOSE: The aim of this prospective, randomized study was to evaluate the effects and adverse effects of nebulized L-epinephrine compared with nebulized budesonide in children with moderate to severe croup. METHODS: Children were eligible for the study if their croup scores fell in the moderate to severe range(scores>4) in the AMC from May 1995 till May 1996. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either 5ml(1 : 1000) of L-epinephrine aerosols(n=9) or 500microgram of budesonide aerosols (n=8). Croup score, O2 saturation by pulse oximeter, heart rate, and blood pressure were recorded before treatment and at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 minutes after aerosol treatment. Nine patients were enrolled in the nebulized L-epinephrine group and 8 in the nebulized budesonide group, respectively. There were no statistical differences in age, sex and croup score before treatment between the two groups. RESULTS: Total croup score significantly decreased at 15 minutes after treatment in the L-epinephrine group(P<0.05) but at 120 minutes after treatment in the budesonide group(P<0.05). Treatment failed in 1(1/9) patient in the L-epinephrine group and 2(2/8) patients in the budesonide group, who received intramuscular dexamethasone injections. The rebound phenomenon at 120 minutes after treatment was found in 1 patient from both groups. There were no significant changes of heart rate and blood pressure before and after treatment in both groups. CONCLUSION: The treatment using nebulized L-epinephrine showed a more prompt clinical improvement than the treatment using nebulized budesonide and without any significant adverse effects. So it can be recommended for emergent management in children with moderate to severe croup.
Aerosols* ; Blood Pressure ; Budesonide* ; Child ; Croup* ; Dexamethasone ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Prospective Studies*

PURPOSE: We suspect there is a difference in the clinical manifestations and treatment response to antiviral drugs for influenza A and B. This study was conducted to investigate this difference. METHODS: We collected information on pediatric patients, infected with the influenza virus, admitted to Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital from October 2013 to May 2015. We investigated the clinical manifestations of influenza and differences in treatment response to oseltamivir treatment for the two types of influenza. RESULTS: A total of 138 patients were included. The mean age was 3.5±4.0 years. When comparing the diseases associated with influenza A and B, croup (19.2% vs. 1.7%, P=0.001) was more common with influenza A infection. Myositis (0% vs. 6.7%, P=0.021) and gastroenteritis (29.5% vs. 46.7%, P=0.038) were more common with influenza B infection. When comparing the total fever duration from the start of oseltamivir administration, patients treated with oseltamivir within 2 days of fever had the shortest duration. Among the patients treated with oseltamivir, the duration of fever, after the start of oseltamivir treatment, for was shorter for influenza A infection than for influenza B infection (16.0±19.1 hours vs. 28.9±27.9 hours, P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: There appear to be differences in the accompanying diseases and antiviral medication responses between the two types of influenza. It is important to administer oseltamivir within 2 days of fever.
Antiviral Agents ; Child ; Croup ; Fever ; Gastroenteritis ; Humans ; Influenza, Human* ; Myositis ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Oseltamivir

Viscoelastic materials have been used to protect corneal endothelial cells and intraocular tissue. The chemical composition of Healon(R) (sodium hyaluronate) is different from that of Viscoat(R). Thus, to compare the chemical effect between Healon(R) and Viscoat(R), we evaluated the postoperative change of intraocular pressure (lOP) and density of corneal endothelial cells in 60 cataractous patients. The age distribution was from 38 to 66. In group I, Healon(R) was used and removed during the operation. In group II, Viscoat(R) was used and removed during the operation. In group III. Viscoat(R) was used but not removed during the operation. We found the fact that Viscoat(R) has a tendency to increase lOP at early postoperative period if not removed. However, returning of the increased lOP to normal was faster in Group II (Viscoat(R)) than in Croup I (Healon(R). And also Viscoat(R) was found to have better protective effect to the corneal endothelial cells if not removed during the operation.
Age Distribution ; Cataract* ; Chondroitin Sulfates ; Croup ; Endothelial Cells* ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Postoperative Period

Viscoelastic materials have been used to protect corneal endothelial cells and intraocular tissue. The chemical composition of Healon(R) (sodium hyaluronate) is different from that of Viscoat(R). Thus, to compare the chemical effect between Healon(R) and Viscoat(R), we evaluated the postoperative change of intraocular pressure (lOP) and density of corneal endothelial cells in 60 cataractous patients. The age distribution was from 38 to 66. In group I, Healon(R) was used and removed during the operation. In group II, Viscoat(R) was used and removed during the operation. In group III. Viscoat(R) was used but not removed during the operation. We found the fact that Viscoat(R) has a tendency to increase lOP at early postoperative period if not removed. However, returning of the increased lOP to normal was faster in Group II (Viscoat(R)) than in Croup I (Healon(R). And also Viscoat(R) was found to have better protective effect to the corneal endothelial cells if not removed during the operation.
Age Distribution ; Cataract* ; Chondroitin Sulfates ; Croup ; Endothelial Cells* ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Postoperative Period