OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to investigate the school nutrition teachers' perception on their job and to find out recommendations needed for its improvement in order to provide a quality foodservice and nutrition education at schools. METHODS: A total of 219 school nutrition teachers in Seoul were surveyed using self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS: The perceived importance of the 16 job duties was rated 3.8 based on a 5-point scale (1: very unimportant - 5: very important). The importance of six duties including nutrition management, production management, nutrition education, and food safety management were rated over 4 point but that of record-keeping for documents, official reporting, and service management was rated the lowest. Importance-Performance Analysis showed that nutrition management, receiving/storage management, production management, menu management, food safety management, and equipment/facilities management should be emphasized to maintain the current performance of duties. The performance of the nutrition education and counseling needed to be improved since the importance scores were greater than average but the performance scores were lower than the average. Official reporting and miscellaneous jobs were rated the highest for simplification need. More than half of the respondents agreed that equipment/facilities management, miscellaneous jobs, service staff supervision, and service line supervision could be allocated to other school departments. CONCLUSIONS: School nutrition teachers should invest more time and resources on their core job duties such as nutrition management, production management, food safety management, and nutrition education for providing quality foodservice and nutrition education. To reflect the environmental changes of school foodservice, a reasonable staffing index of school nutrition teachers needs to be developed. In addition, hiring an assistant or implementing school nutrition teacher internship programs can be useful to reduce workloads of the nutrition teachers.
Counseling ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Food Safety ; Humans ; Internship and Residency ; Organization and Administration ; Seoul*

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of job characteristics, job performance and organizational commitment on job satisfaction of hospital dietitians. The first survey was carried out on 74 hospital dietitians to determine their demographic characteristics, job characteristics, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction. The second survey was carried out on 47 hospital foodservice dietitians to determine their job performance. Thirty-two percent of the subjects were aged between 26 and 30, and 62.2% had Bachelor's degrees. The dietitians felt most satisfied by their co-workers, followed by the work-itself, supervision, pay, and promotion possibilities. Dietitians who had a higher education were satisfied with pay and supervision. The longer the length of employment, the more the satisfaction with the work-itself and pay, plus the higher the monthly wage the more the satisfaction with the work-itself, pay, supervision, and co-workers. lob satisfaction was high in the group that scored high on autonomy, feedback, task identity, and friendship of in the job characteristic inventory. The job performances of nutrition counseling(r= 0.469, p<0.01), nutrition education(r= 0.446, p<0.01) and management of therapeutic diet(r= 0.394, p<0.01) were positively correlated with job satisfaction. The R2 for the multiple regression model was 0.677, indicating that 67.7% of the variance in job satisfaction could be accounted for by feedback, organizational commitment, nutrition counseling performance, and nutrition education performance. In conclusion, the level of job satisfaction for hospital dietitians would appear to improve with increased feedback, organizational commitment, and opportunity for nutrition counseling and nutrition education.
Counseling ; Daegu* ; Education ; Employment ; Friends ; Gyeongsangbuk-do* ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction* ; Nutritionists* ; Organization and Administration ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits

Smoking is a leading cause of premature death, and the World Health Organization estimates 8 million deaths per year are due to smoking-related diseases. Most smokers want to quit smoking, which is not easy because of nicotine dependence. Physicians can help smokers quit smoking by assessing their dependence and motivating them on their clinic visits. Brief advices provided by doctors is a simple and very cost-effective methods of smoking cessation. The most effective method of helping smokers stop smoking is combining pharmacotherapy with advice and behavioral intervention. Sometimes, intensive counseling, either individual or group, is needed to promote smoking cessation. Health care providers also need to be familiar with pharmacotherapy. Additionally, other sources of support, such as written materials, a telephone quit-line, and strategies for preventing relapses should be integrated into the treatment. Future research could contribute to further understanding about the effects of various intensities of treatment, particular settings for treatment, or a treatment's effect among specific populations. This could include identifying the optimal amount of behavioral support to use with pharmacotherapy.
Ambulatory Care ; Counseling ; Drug Therapy ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Methods ; Mortality, Premature ; Recurrence ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking* ; Telephone ; Tobacco Use Disorder ; World Health Organization

This article describes, categorizes, and discusses the results of a rapid literature review aiming to provide an overview of the ethical issues and corresponding solutions surrounding pregnancies in epidemic outbreaks. The review was commissioned by the World Health Organization to inform responses to the Zika outbreak that began in 2015. Due to the urgency of the response efforts that needed to be informed by the literature search, a rapid qualitative review of the literature published in PubMed was conducted. The search and analysis were based on the operationalization of 3 key concepts: ethics, pregnancy, and epidemic outbreak. Ethical issues and solutions were interpreted within a principlist framework. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The search identified 259 publications, of which the full text of 23 papers was read. Of those, 20 papers contained a substantive part devoted to the topic of interest and were therefore analyzed further. We clustered the ethical issues and solutions around 4 themes: uncertainty, harms, autonomy/liberty, and effectiveness. Recognition of the identified ethical issues and corresponding solutions can inform and improve response efforts, public health planning, policies, and decision-making, as well as the activities of medical staff and counselors who practice before, during, or after an epidemic outbreak that affects pregnant women or those of reproductive age. The rapid review format proved to be useful despite its limited data basis and expedited review process.
Counseling ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Disease Outbreaks* ; Ethics* ; Female ; Humans ; Medical Staff ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women* ; Public Health ; Reproductive Health ; Uncertainty ; World Health Organization

OBJECTIVES: Rates of attempted deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) are subject to undercounting, underreporting, and denial of the suicide attempt. In this study, we estimated the rate of underreported DSP, which is the most common method of attempted suicide in Iran. METHODS: We estimated the rate and number of unaccounted individuals who attempted DSP in western Iran in 2015 using a truncated count model. In this method, the number of people who attempted DSP but were not referred to any health care centers, n0, was calculated through integrating hospital and forensic data. The crude and age-adjusted rates of attempted DSP were estimated directly using the average population size of the city of Kermanshah and the World Health Organization (WHO) world standard population with and without accounting for underreporting. The Monte Carlo method was used to determine the confidence level. RESULTS: The recorded number of people who attempted DSP was estimated by different methods to be in the range of 46.6 to 53.2% of the actual number of individuals who attempted DSP. The rate of underreported cases was higher among women than men and decreased as age increased. The rate of underreported cases decreased as the potency and intensity of toxic factors increased. The highest underreporting rates of 69.9, 51.2, and 21.5% were observed when oil and detergents (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision [ICD-10] code: X66), medications (ICD-10 code: X60-X64), and agricultural toxins (ICD-10 codes: X68, X69) were used for poisoning, respectively. Crude rates, with and without accounting for underreporting, were estimated by the mixture method as 167.5 per 100,000 persons and 331.7 per 100,000 persons, respectively, which decreased to 129.8 per 100,000 persons and 253.1 per 100,000 persons after adjusting for age on the basis of the WHO world standard population. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly half of individuals who attempted DSP were not referred to a hospital for treatment or denied the suicide attempt for political or sociocultural reasons. Individuals with no access to counseling services are at a higher risk for repeated suicide attempts and fatal suicides.
Classification ; Counseling ; Delivery of Health Care ; Denial (Psychology) ; Detergents ; Female ; Humans ; Iran* ; Male ; Methods ; Monte Carlo Method ; Poisoning ; Population Density ; Suicide ; Suicide, Attempted ; World Health Organization

BACKGROUND: This study investigated characteristics according to demographic, occupational factors of Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and related scales to MBI-GS. METHODS: The subjects of the study were 3,331 workers in 3 different workplaces of one electronics company. They filled in demographic factors surveys, occupational factors surveys, MBI-GS, Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and World Health Organization Quality Of Life-Abbreviated version (WHOQOL-BREF). The correlations between sub-scales of MBI-GS and KOSS-SF, PHQ-9, WHOQOL-BREF were analyzed respectively. And KOSS-SF, PHQ-9, and WHOQOL-BREF were categorized; mean scores of sub-scales of MBI-GS were compared; and the quartiles of sub-scales of MBI-GS were presented. RESULTS: A comparison of mean scores of MBI-GS according to demographic and occupational factors showed a significant difference according to age, problem drinking behavior, working time, and working duration in exhaustion regardless of sex. In professional efficacy, a significant difference was observed in age, marital status, working type, and working duration. And as a result of correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient between exhaustion and PHQ-9 was the highest regardless of sex. In addition, regardless of sex, exhaustion and cynicism scores tended to increase and professional efficacy score tended to decrease as the work stress level rose. Same tendency is shown in case of the more severe the symptom of depression and the lower quality of life. When the quartile for sub-scales' score of MBI-GS were investigated, the burnout was more pronounced in female than in male. CONCLUSIONS: Many demographic and occupational factors affect burnout were identified in one electronics company, and we investigated which sub-scales of MBI-GS were affected. Through this study, burnout characteristics were identified in a few population group of Korea, and the results are expected to be useful for burnout risk group identification, counseling, etc.
Counseling ; Demography ; Depression ; Drinking Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Marital Status ; Population Groups ; Quality of Life ; Social Identification ; Weights and Measures ; World Health Organization

PURPOSE: The purpose of this cross-sectional, correlational study was to identify associations of acculturative stress, depression, and quality of life among Indonesian migrant workers living in South Korea. METHODS: A total of 91 migrant workers who were recruited in Korea completed paper-and-pencil self-administered questionnaire in September 2018. Acculturative Stress Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Perceived Organizational Support Scale, and demographic questionnaire were used to measure acculturative stress, depression, quality of life, social support, and organizational support, respectively. We applied descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression analyses with SPSS 22 program. RESULTS: A positive correlation was shown between acculturative stress and depression and a negative correlation was found between acculturative stress and quality of life. Significant factor associated with depression was acculturative stress. Significant factors associated with quality of life were acculturative stress and social support. CONCLUSION: Our study findings assist nurses to improve the quality of mental health services for Indonesian migrant workers by providing important information such as contact information for health services and counseling and to guide future studies on mental health issues among the population.
Acculturation ; Counseling ; Depression ; Health Services ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Korea ; Linear Models ; Mental Health ; Mental Health Services ; Quality of Life ; Transients and Migrants ; World Health Organization

E-cigarettes, heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco, and other new types of tobacco products are emerging in Korea. These products are particularly popular among smokers who are looking for less harmful means of tobacco consumption, and are highly relevant for existing tobacco control policies. E-cigarettes, which are electronic devices designed to allow the user to inhale nicotine as a vapor, are controversial in terms of their safety and effects on smoking cessation, as a variety of harmful substances have been detected in e-cigarette vapor. Due to policy differences in tobacco harm reduction, the regulations on e-cigarettes differ from country to country, and domestic regulations regulate e-cigarettes in a manner similar to conventional cigarettes. In contrast, HNB tobacco was introduced in Korea in June 2017, and is rapidly expanding in the market, as active marketing campaigns seek to communicate to consumers that HNB tobacco use involves no tar and is less harmful to health. However, the World Health Organization and several professional groups have argued that based on independent studies not supported by tobacco companies, HNB tobacco should be regulated in the same way as conventional cigarettes because there is no evidence that HNB tobacco is less harmful. Clinicians need to expand their understanding of new tobacco products so that they can provide appropriate counseling.
Counseling ; Electronic Cigarettes ; Harm Reduction ; Korea ; Marketing ; Nicotine ; Smoking Cessation ; Social Control, Formal ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco Use ; Tobacco ; World Health Organization

OBJECTIVES: Rates of attempted deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) are subject to undercounting, underreporting, and denial of the suicide attempt. In this study, we estimated the rate of underreported DSP, which is the most common method of attempted suicide in Iran.METHODS: We estimated the rate and number of unaccounted individuals who attempted DSP in western Iran in 2015 using a truncated count model. In this method, the number of people who attempted DSP but were not referred to any health care centers, n0, was calculated through integrating hospital and forensic data. The crude and age-adjusted rates of attempted DSP were estimated directly using the average population size of the city of Kermanshah and the World Health Organization (WHO) world standard population with and without accounting for underreporting. The Monte Carlo method was used to determine the confidence level.RESULTS: The recorded number of people who attempted DSP was estimated by different methods to be in the range of 46.6 to 53.2% of the actual number of individuals who attempted DSP. The rate of underreported cases was higher among women than men and decreased as age increased. The rate of underreported cases decreased as the potency and intensity of toxic factors increased. The highest underreporting rates of 69.9, 51.2, and 21.5% were observed when oil and detergents (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision [ICD-10] code: X66), medications (ICD-10 code: X60-X64), and agricultural toxins (ICD-10 codes: X68, X69) were used for poisoning, respectively. Crude rates, with and without accounting for underreporting, were estimated by the mixture method as 167.5 per 100,000 persons and 331.7 per 100,000 persons, respectively, which decreased to 129.8 per 100,000 persons and 253.1 per 100,000 persons after adjusting for age on the basis of the WHO world standard population.CONCLUSIONS: Nearly half of individuals who attempted DSP were not referred to a hospital for treatment or denied the suicide attempt for political or sociocultural reasons. Individuals with no access to counseling services are at a higher risk for repeated suicide attempts and fatal suicides.
Classification ; Counseling ; Delivery of Health Care ; Denial (Psychology) ; Detergents ; Female ; Humans ; Iran ; Male ; Methods ; Monte Carlo Method ; Poisoning ; Population Density ; Suicide ; Suicide, Attempted ; World Health Organization

This article describes, categorizes, and discusses the results of a rapid literature review aiming to provide an overview of the ethical issues and corresponding solutions surrounding pregnancies in epidemic outbreaks. The review was commissioned by the World Health Organization to inform responses to the Zika outbreak that began in 2015. Due to the urgency of the response efforts that needed to be informed by the literature search, a rapid qualitative review of the literature published in PubMed was conducted. The search and analysis were based on the operationalization of 3 key concepts: ethics, pregnancy, and epidemic outbreak. Ethical issues and solutions were interpreted within a principlist framework. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The search identified 259 publications, of which the full text of 23 papers was read. Of those, 20 papers contained a substantive part devoted to the topic of interest and were therefore analyzed further. We clustered the ethical issues and solutions around 4 themes: uncertainty, harms, autonomy/liberty, and effectiveness. Recognition of the identified ethical issues and corresponding solutions can inform and improve response efforts, public health planning, policies, and decision-making, as well as the activities of medical staff and counselors who practice before, during, or after an epidemic outbreak that affects pregnant women or those of reproductive age. The rapid review format proved to be useful despite its limited data basis and expedited review process.
Counseling ; Delivery of Health Care ; Disease Outbreaks ; Ethics ; Female ; Humans ; Medical Staff ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Public Health ; Reproductive Health ; Uncertainty ; World Health Organization