Animals ; Autophagy ; Coronaviridae ; genetics ; pathogenicity ; physiology ; Coronaviridae Infections ; physiopathology ; virology ; Humans ; Virus Replication

Two giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) died of unknown causes in a Chinese zoo. The clinical disease profile suggested that the pandas may have suffered a viral infection. Therefore, a series of detection including virus isolation, electron microscopy, cytobiological assay, serum neutralization and RT-PCR were used to identify the virus. It was determined that the isolated virus was a canine coronavirus (CCV), on the basis of coronavirus, neutralization by canine anti-CCV serum, and 84.3% to 100% amino acid sequence similarity with CCV. The results suggest that the affected pandas had been infected with CCV.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animal Diseases/*virology ; Animals ; Animals, Zoo/*virology ; Coronaviridae Infections/*veterinary/virology ; Coronavirus, Canine/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Fatal Outcome ; Female ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Ursidae/*virology ; Viral Proteins/chemistry

Porcine Torovirus (PToV) is widely distributed in the world with high prevalence rate in swinery. Due to the high detection rate in diarrhea pigs, PToV is thought to be a potential pathogen of swine diarrhea. In recent years, epidemic outbreaks of diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality in China have caused great economic losses. Intertypic recombination events and antigenic cross-reactivity among toroviruses implies potential zoonotic transmission of PToV. The review represented the development history of PToV and made a brief summary of the features in genome and protein epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of the PToV, and so on.
Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; epidemiology ; virology ; Torovirus ; genetics ; physiology ; Torovirus Infections ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; virology

Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) is sporadic in South Korea. Since porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) infection was identified in South Korea in 1996, the TGE infection has decreased with the PRCV occurrence. In this study, we described the sero-surveillance of TGE/PRCV infection by using a commercially available ELISA kit. A total of 1,295 sera from slaughtered pigs and 69 sera from wild boars were collected in years 2009 and 2010 throughout the country and tested for antibodies against TGE and PRCV. Although there was no clinical sign observed for TGE and vaccination had not been done for TGEV, 4.9% of sera showed positive for antibody against TGEV. Furthermore, 63.7% of finisher and 8.7% of wild boars were positive for antibody against PRCV. Our result suggests that the TGEV infection might still be present in some farms in South Korea.
Antibodies ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Gastroenteritis ; Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus ; Republic of Korea ; Sus scrofa ; Swine ; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus ; Vaccination

Lactobacillus species have been widely used in both human and animals to prevent or treat gastrointestinal disorders. Recently, it was reported that Lactobacillus spp. inhibited infections by respiratory and gastroenteric viruses; however, its mechanism is not clear. Lactobacillus spp. play direct and indirect roles in the inhibitory effects of viral replication. 1) In vitro study: Highest protection effects were showed with the known probiotics L. rhamnosus GG (LGG) and L. casei Shirota against both rotavirus (RV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). 2) In vivo study: L. acidophilus had significant immunopotentiating effects, and was therefore recommended for use as a safe oral adjuvant for rotavirus vaccines in pigs. Oral administration of lactobacilli, such as LGG and L. gasseri, might protect a host animal from influenza virus (IFV) infection. Polysaccharides are regarded to be potentially useful and biologically active as an ingredient for pharmaceutical uses due to a variety of biological activities. Especially, sulphated polysaccharides exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity against enveloped viruses in vitro. With respect to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), its in vitro antiviral activity is, specifically, the inhibition of virus-cell attachment, the first step in the infection process. Recently, it was reported that sulphated polysaccharides exhibited antiviral activity against HBV, HCMV, HSV and IFV. In conclusion, Lactobacillus spp. and polysaccharides with antiviral activity against diverse viruses are potential candidates as ingredients for probiotics and medicine candidate for the prevention and treatment of viral infections in animals and humans.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; HIV-1 ; Humans ; Lactobacillus ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Polysaccharides ; Probiotics ; Resin Cements ; Rotavirus ; Rotavirus Vaccines ; Swine ; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus

As of February 2020, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak started in China in December 2019 has been spreading in many countries in the world. With the numbers of confirmed cases are increasing, information on the epidemiologic investigation and clinical manifestation have been accumulated. However, data on viral load kinetics in confirmed cases are lacking. Here, we present the viral load kinetics of the first two confirmed patients with mild to moderate illnesses in Korea in whom distinct viral load kinetics are shown. This report suggests that viral load kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 may be different from that of previously reported other coronavirus infections such as SARS-CoV.
China ; Coronavirus ; Coronavirus Infections ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Korea ; SARS Virus ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ; Viral Load

A transmissible gastroenteritis virus strain was isolated from suspect samples in Sichuan province and identified by ST cell culture, direct fluorescent antibody test (FA), neutralization test (NT), TME examination and some other methods, then it was named SC-Y. The isolated strain could produce obvious cytopathic effects (CPE), The TCID50 was 10(-3.664)/0.05 mL, The neutralization index is 52.5. cDNA fragments covering the complete genome were amplified by the long reverse transcription PCR. The amplified fragments were further cloned and sequenced. The genome of SC-Y strain was assembled by BioEdit. The length of complete genome was 28590 nucletides, and was composed of 7 ORFs, which was flanked by untranslated regions (UTRs) with 315 bases at the 5'-end and 277 bases at the 3'-end. Phylogenetic analysis based on genome suggested that SC-Y might belong to same subgroup with Purdue strain.
Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Viral ; chemistry ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct ; Microscopy, Electron ; Neutralization Tests ; Phylogeny ; Swine ; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; ultrastructure

Autopsy ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections ; Forensic Medicine ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Autopsy ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To systematically summarize the clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, Weipu Database, and Wanfang Database were searched for clinical studies on COVID-19 in children published up to May 21, 2020. Two reviewers independently screened the articles, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of the studies included. A descriptive analysis was then performed for the studies. Related indices between children with COVID-19 and severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) were compared. RESULTS: A total of 75 studies were included, with a total of 806 children with COVID-19. The research results showed that the age of the children ranged from 36 hours after birth to 18 years, with a male-female ratio of 1.21 : 1. Similar to SARS and MERS, COVID-19 often occurred with familial aggregation, and such cases accounted for 74.6% (601/806). The children with COVID-19, SARS, and MERS had similar clinical symptoms, mainly fever and cough. Some children had gastrointestinal symptoms. The children with asymptomatic infection accounted for 17.9% (144/806) of COVID-19 cases, 2.5% (2/81) of SARS cases, and 57.1% (12/21) of MERS cases. The children with COVID-19 and MERS mainly had bilateral lesions on chest imaging examination, with a positive rate of lesions of 63.4% (421/664) and 26.3% (5/19) respectively, which were lower than the corresponding positive rates of viral nucleic acid detection, which were 99.8% and 100% respectively. The chest radiological examination of the children with SARS mainly showed unilateral lesion, with a positive rate of imaging of 88.9% (72/81), which was higher than the corresponding positive rate of viral nucleic acid detection (29.2%). Viral nucleic acid was detected in the feces of children with COVID-19 or SARS, with positive rates of 60.2% (56/93) and 71.4% (5/7) respectively. The children with COVID-19 had a rate of severe disease of 4.6% (31/686) and a mortality rate of 0.1% (1/806), the children with SARS had a rate of severe disease of 1.5% (1/68) and a mortality rate of 0%, and those with MERS had a rate of severe disease of 14.3% (3/21) and a mortality rate of 9.5% (2/21). CONCLUSIONS Children with COVID-19 have similar symptoms to those with SARS or MERS, mainly fever and cough. Asymptomatic infection is observed in all three diseases. Children with COVID-19 or SARS have milder disease conditions than those with MERS. COVID-19 in children often occurs with familial aggregation. Epidemiological contact history, imaging examination findings, and viral nucleic acid testing results are important bases for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
Betacoronavirus ; Child ; Coronavirus Infections ; physiopathology ; Cough ; virology ; Female ; Fever ; virology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; physiopathology ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ; physiopathology ; virology