Culture medium and fermentation conditions for lipid production by Rhodosporidium toruloides were optimized with single factor and uniform design experiment. The best medium recipe was found with 70 g/L glucose, 0.1 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 0.75 g/L yeast extract, 1.5 g/L MgSO4. 7H2O, 0.4g/L KH2PO4, sterilized at 121 degrees C for 15 min, and then supplemented with ZnSO4 1.91 x 10(-6) mmol/L, CaCl2 1.50 mmol/L, MnCl2 1.22 x 10(-4) mmol/L and CuSO4 1.00 x 10(-4) mmol/L. The optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: 50 mL of medium (pH 6.0) in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask with 10% inoculum (28h) under orbital shaking at 200 r/min for 120h at 30 degrees C. Under these conditions, yeast biomass accumulated lipids up to 76.1%.
Basidiomycota ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Copper ; pharmacology ; Culture Media ; Fermentation ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lipids ; biosynthesis ; Magnesium Sulfate ; pharmacology ; Zinc ; pharmacology

Magnesium-doped calcium silicate (CS) bioceramic scaffolds have unique advantages in mandibular defect repair; however, they lack antibacterial properties to cope with the complex oral microbiome. Herein, for the first time, the CS scaffold was functionally modified with a novel copper-containing polydopamine (PDA(Cu^2+‍)) rapid deposition method, to construct internally modified (*P), externally modified (@PDA), and dually modified (*P@PDA) scaffolds. The morphology, degradation behavior, and mechanical properties of the obtained scaffolds were evaluated in vitro. The results showed that the CS*P@PDA had a unique micro-/nano-structural surface and appreciable mechanical resistance. During the prolonged immersion stage, the release of copper ions from the CS*P@PDA scaffolds was rapid in the early stage and exhibited long-term sustained release. The in vitro evaluation revealed that the release behavior of copper ions ascribed an excellent antibacterial effect to the CS*P@PDA, while the scaffolds retained good cytocompatibility with improved osteogenesis and angiogenesis effects. Finally, the PDA(Cu²⁺)-modified scaffolds showed effective early bone regeneration in a critical-size rabbit mandibular defect model. Overall, it was indicated that considerable antibacterial property along with the enhancement of alveolar bone regeneration can be imparted to the scaffold by the two-step PDA(Cu²⁺) modification, and the convenience and wide applicability of this technique make it a promising strategy to avoid bacterial infections on implants.
Animals ; Rabbits ; Copper/pharmacology* ; Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry* ; Bone Regeneration ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Osteogenesis ; Calcium ; Ions/pharmacology*

This study was aimed to investigate various factors influencing the proceduction of Cu(II) crossing human erythrocyte membrane, including concentration of Cu²⁺, pH value of the medium, temperature and time of incubation, and to derive kinetic equation of Cu(II) crossing human erythrocyte membrane. Suspension red blood cells were incubated by Cu²⁺, then content of Cu²⁺ crossed human erythrocyte membrane was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry under various conditions after digestion. The results showed that content of Cu²⁺ crossed human erythrocyte membrane increased with the increase of extracellular Cu²⁺ and enhancement of incubation temperature, and the content of Cu²⁺ crossed human erythrocyte membrane showed a increasing tendency when pH reached to 6.2-7.4, and to maximum at pH 7.4, then gradually decreased at range of pH 7.4-9.2. It is concluded that the Cu²⁺ crossing human erythrocyte has been confirmed to be the first order kinetics characteristics within 120 min, and the linear equation is 10³ × Y = 0.0497t +6.5992.
Copper ; pharmacology ; Erythrocyte Membrane ; drug effects ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kinetics ; Temperature

Camptothecin is a strong anti-tumor compound isolated from Camptotheca acuminata. One of the most important way for the production of Camptothecin is by cell cultures of Camptotheca acuminata. The effect of Cu2+ on camptothecin accumulation in Camptotheca acuminata cell line was described in this paper. The results showed that the optimum CuCl2 concentration in B5 medium was 0.008 mg/mL, which increased camptothecin production for 30 times compare to the control while has no inhibitive effects on cell growth, at the same time, the peroxidase activity was increased and the anthocyanidin accumulation was inhibited. The promotive effects of Cu2+ on camptothecin accumulation in light was higher than that in dark.
Anthocyanins ; biosynthesis ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; biosynthesis ; Camptotheca ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Camptothecin ; biosynthesis ; Copper ; pharmacology ; Light

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of four trace elements Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu on growth of the 2nd- and the 3rd-years Paeonia lactiflora.

METHODThe experiment was designed as randomized blocks. The data of physiological parameters such as fresh weight of root, numbers of bud and root division, length and diameter of the root and the contents of paeoniflorin in root were measured after fertilized with the four trace elements. Also the contents of the four trace elements in soil and roots, stem and leaves of P. lactiflora were detected by atomic absorption spectrometry.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe growth of the P. lactiflora was improved and the content of paeoniflorin was increased by proper level of Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu, but depressed by the higher level. Only Zn can be accumulated in the roots of P. lactiflora.

Benzoates ; metabolism ; Bridged-Ring Compounds ; metabolism ; Copper ; pharmacology ; Glucosides ; metabolism ; Iron ; pharmacology ; Manganese ; pharmacology ; Monoterpenes ; Paeonia ; drug effects ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic ; Zinc ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of copper-phenanthroline (CuOP) on pentachlorophenol (PCP)-induced adaptation and cell death of Escherichia coli.

METHODSBacterial growth and adaptation to PCP were monitored spectrophotometrically at 600 nm. Inactivation of bacterial cells was determined from colony count on agar dishes. Cellular ATP content and accumulation of PCP were assessed by chemiluminescence and HPLC analysis respectively. The formation of PCP-Cu-OP complex was shown by UV-visible spectra.

RESULTSEscherichia coli (E. coli) could adapt to PCP, a wood preservative and insecticide used in agriculture. The adaptation of E. coli to PCP prevented its death to the synergistic cytotoxicity of CuOP plus PCP and declined cellular accumulation and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation of PCP. Furthermore, CuOP and PCP neither produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) nor had a synergistic effect on uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in E. coli. The synergistic cytotoxicity of CuOP and PCP in E. coli might be due to the formation of lipophilic PCP-Cu-OP complex.

CONCLUSIONOur data suggested that adaptation of E. coli to PCP decreased the synergistic effects of CuOP and PCP on prokaryotic cell death due to the formation of lipophilic PCP-Cu-OP complex, but it had no effect on the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and production of reactive oxygen species in E. coli.

Adaptation, Physiological ; Adenosine Triphosphate ; metabolism ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Copper ; pharmacology ; Cytotoxins ; pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Synergism ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Pentachlorophenol ; pharmacology ; Phenanthrolines ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVEA series of 2-benzylideneaminonaphthothiazoles were designed and synthesized incorporating the lipophilic naphthalene ring to render them more capable of penetrating various biomembranes.

METHODSSchiff bases were synthesized by the reaction of naphtha[1,2-d]thiazol-2-amine with various substituted aromatic aldehydes. 2-(2'-Hydroxy)benzylideneaminonaphthothiazole was converted to its Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) metal complexes upon treatment with metal salts in ethanol. All the compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities by paper disc diffusion method with Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Gram negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of all the Schiff bases and metal complexes were determined by agar streak dilution method.

RESULTSAll the compounds moderately inhibited the growth of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. In the present study among all Schiff bases 2-(2'-hydroxy)benzylideneaminonaphthothiazole showed maximum inhibitory activity and among metal complexes Cu(II) metal complex was found to be most potent.

CONCLUSIONThe results obtained validate the hypothesis that Schiff bases having substitution with halogens, hydroxyl group and nitro group at phenyl ring are required for the antibacterial activity while methoxy group at different positions in the aromatic ring has minimal role in the inhibitory activity. The results also indicated that the metal complexes are better antibacterial agents as compared to the Schiff bases.

Amines ; chemical synthesis ; pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Cobalt ; Copper ; Nickel ; Schiff Bases ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Thiazoles ; chemical synthesis ; pharmacology

Phytoremediation plays an important role in the treatment of heavy metal pollution in soil. In order to elucidate the mechanism of salicylic acid (SA) on copper absorption, seedlings from Xuzhou (with strong Cu-tolerance) and Weifang Helianthus tuberosus cultivars (with weak Cu-tolerance) were selected for pot culture experiments. 1 mmol/L SA was sprayed upon 300 mg/kg soil copper stress, and the photosynthesis, leaf antioxidant system, several essential mineral nutrients and the changes of root upon copper stress were analyzed to explore the mechanism of copper resistance. The results showed that Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci upon copper stress decreased significantly compared to the control group. Meanwhile, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid decreased with significant increase in initial fluorescence (F₀), maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), electron transfer rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) content all decreased. The ascorbic acid (AsA) content was decreased, the glutathione (GSH) value was increased, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in the leaves were decreased, and the peroxidase (POD) activity was significantly increased. SA increased the Cu content in the ground and root system, and weakened the nutrient uptake capacity of K, Ca, Mg, and Zn in the root stem and leaves. Spray of exogenous SA can maintain the opening of leaf stomata, improve the adverse effect of copper on photosynthetic pigment and PSⅡ reaction center. Mediating the SOD and APX activity started the AsA-GSH cycle process, effectively regulated the antioxidant enzyme system in chrysanthemum taro, significantly reduced the copper content of all parts of the plant, and improved the ion exchange capacity in the body. External SA increased the content of the negative electric group on the root by changing the proportion of components in the root, promoted the absorption of mineral nutrient elements and the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances, strengthened the fixation effect of the root on metal copper, and avoided its massive accumulation in the H. tuberosus body, so as to alleviate the inhibitory effect of copper on plant growth. The study revealed the physiological regulation of SA upon copper stress, and provided a theoretical basis for planting H. tuberosus to repair soil copper pollution.
Antioxidants ; Copper ; Helianthus/metabolism* ; Salicylic Acid/pharmacology* ; Chlorophyll A/pharmacology* ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Chlorophyll/pharmacology* ; Ascorbic Acid ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism* ; Photosynthesis ; Glutathione ; Plant Leaves ; Stress, Physiological ; Seedlings

AIMTo study the effects of Cu2+ on growth hormone (GH) secretion of pig pituitary cells in vivo.

METHODSGland pituitary cells of 32-35 days old pigs were incubated for 48 h in presence of 10% fetal calf serum in DMEM. Cells were treated for 36 h with various concentrations of Cu2+ (0 mg/L, 0.025 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L, 1.6 mg/L) in serum-free DMEM. Culture medium was collected in 12 h, 24 h, 36 h thereafter for GH measurement and the radioimmunoassay kits were provided by Linco.

RESULTSThe GH concentration was higher in treatments of 0.025 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L than that of 0 mg/L when the cells were treated with Cu2+ for 24 h, and it was significantly different (P < 0.05) between treatment 0.1 mg/L and treatment 0 mg/L.

CONCLUSIONIt was concluded that the presence of Cu2+ stimulated pig pituitary cells to secret GH in vivo.

Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Copper ; pharmacology ; Culture Media ; Growth Hormone ; secretion ; Pituitary Gland ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Swine

In order to reveal the induced resistance mechanism of tobacco treated with copper solution to potato virus Y-vein necrosis strain (PVY(N)), disease indexes, contents of virus and some physiological and biochemical indexes in tobacco were studied. The results showed that when treated at the copper concentration of 0.8 mg x L(-1), the symptom displayed and vein necrosis on tobacco were postponed, the disease index and content of virus sharply decreased , and the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity remarkably increased. Furthermore, vein necrosis closely linked to contents of total phenol and flavonoid. In this study, the contents of total phenol and flavonoid were promoted when treated with a solution at the copper concentration of 0.8 mg x L(-1). But the contents of total phenol and flavonoid reached to the first peak at the 3rd day after inoculation, and then decreased to the lowest levels which even were lower than those of the control after inoculating PVY(N). Then the contents of total phenol and flavonoid increased slowly from the 6td but still lower than those of the control. The result implied that spraying copper solution might play an important role in induced resistance of tobacco to vein necrosis disease and strengthen the antiviral capability to PVY(N).
Chlorophyll ; metabolism ; Copper ; pharmacology ; Immunity, Innate ; drug effects ; Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase ; metabolism ; Potyvirus ; growth & development ; Tobacco ; drug effects ; metabolism ; virology