No abstract available.
Contraceptives, Oral* ; Female ; Humans

No abstract available.
Contraceptives, Oral* ; Fertilization in Vitro* ; Gonadotropins*

267 women in Danang City and 333 in Haiduong province ever used or had been using oral contraceptive pills in the years 1999-2000 were studied. The highest number of users was 60,5% in the age of 30-39 years, who had got 2-3 living children was 74%, Among them 88% had got primary educated or universal educated level. The administrated pills were : IDEAL 57%, Regividon 16%, Marvelon 10,2%. 75,5% of the pills were freely distributed by the Programme of Demography and Familial Planing and 25,5% were self bought. Side effects were found : 29% with menstrual disorders, 20% nausea, 8,5-9% headache and burning skin. 65% of user had been trained and had got counselling
Contraceptives, Oral ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Epidemiology ; Women

The study on the oral contraceptive pill use in 722 women at reproductive age in 2003 was reported that: The highest rate of use oral contraceptive pill in the group of women at 26-49 years old (92.1%); Women educated from primary to high-school levels accounted for 74.1%; Women with 1-2 children accounted 84.5%; For income 60.6% of women with the range from 300000-700000VND/monthly. The most popular contraceptive pill was Ideal (76.2%). Adverse effects of taking pill were nausea (17.9%) and putting on weight (11.9%).
Contraceptives, Oral ; Women ; Age Factors ; Age Groups

Oral contraceptives causing adverse effects in therapeutic use

OBJECTIVE: Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have some adverse effects on the serum lipid profile. Because hyperlipidemia is one of the risk factors in cardiovascular diseases, lipid abnormalities should be evaluated in women consuming COCs. Vitamins E and C are known to have beneficial effects on serum lipid profiles. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effects of vitamins E and C on serum lipids in women using COCs. METHODS: The study compared changes in lipid parameters with and without vitamin therapy in women consuming COCs compared to those of a control group (40 non-contraceptive users or NCU) for 4 weeks. Total cholesterol and triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels along with HDL/LDL ratios were measured for all participants. RESULTS: COC users experienced significantly higher increases in the levels of triglycerides and LDL than non-users (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were noted in the total cholesterol and HDL levels. In the treated COC group receiving vitamins E and C, the HDL level and the HDL/LDL ratio increased and the LDL and triglycerides levels decreased significantly compared with those of the other groups. CONCLUSION: The results of our study indicate that supplementation with antioxidant vitamins E and C restores a normal lipid profile in COC users.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Contraceptives, Oral* ; Contraceptives, Oral, Combined ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Lipoproteins ; Risk Factors ; Triglycerides ; Vitamins*

Ischemic colitis is generally considered a disease of the elderly. The causes of ischemic colitis include low-flow states due to cardiac dysfunction or hypovolemia and certain medications including estrogen. Here we report a case of ischemic colitis in a 26-year-old woman. She had no specific medical history except taking oral-contraceptives for a long time. The mechanism of estrogen-induced ischemic colitis is not clearly understood. But we recommend that oral-contraceptives should be considered as a cause of ischemic colitis in young women.
Adult ; Aged ; Colitis, Ischemic ; Contraceptives, Oral ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Hypovolemia

PURPOSE: To investigate whether endogenous and exogenous female hormone exposures were associated with risks for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in postmenopausal women. METHODS: This study included 4,479 postmenopausal females aged 45 years and older who completed the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) V. The participants were divided into 4 groups: subjects with AMD, subjects without AMD, subjects with early AMD, and subjects with late AMD. Variables associated with endogenous and exogenous female hormone exposures were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 4,479 participants, 516 were found to have AMD and 3,963 were normal. There was no significant difference between the AMD and normal groups execpt for age in the risk analysis. Of the total 516 AMD participants, 488 had early AMD and 28 had late AMD. Women with AMD who had used oral contraceptives longer in the past had significantly higher odds of late AMD than early AMD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.013, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.002–1.024). Increasing number of children was also associated with decreased odds of late AMD (OR = 0.672, 95% CI: 0.506-0.893). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that exposure to endogenous and exogenous female hormones may influence the risk of AMD progression.
Child ; Contraceptives, Oral ; Female* ; Humans ; Korea ; Macular Degeneration* ; Nutrition Surveys

BACKGROUND: With increasing number of female pilots who fly high-performance aircraft, the gender specific factors have become one of the most important aeromedical considerations. It has been raised that the changes of serum female hormone levels by menstrual cycle may affect vasoregulation and female G-tolerance ultimately. However, the exact relationship between serum female hormone levels and G-tolerance is still unknown. Moreover, well-controlled subjects without taking oral contraceptives are needed to examine the possible effect of menstrual cycle on female G-tolerance. The purpose of this study was to determine how female hormones and menstrual cycle affect female relaxed G-tolerance. METHODS: Eight female subjects were studied to test their relaxed G-tolerance. Seven out of 8 subjects had regular menstrual cycle during the study period. Each subject were exposed to human centrifuge once a week for 4 weeks (one complete menstrual cycle) and blood samplings were performed twice at 2nd and 4th week just before exposure to human centrifuge. The profile of centrifuge training consisted of gradual-onset run (0.1 G/sec) acceleration to the visual endpoint. RESULTS: The changes of 4 different serum female hormone levels failed to show any trend related to relaxed G-tolerance including estrogen. There was no significant difference in relaxed G-tolerance in any menstrual cycle time points. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the changes of female hormone levels and the menstrual cycle have no effect on female relaxed G-tolerance.
Acceleration ; Aircraft ; Contraceptives, Oral ; Diptera ; Estrogens ; Female* ; Humans ; Menstrual Cycle*

This study assesses the efficacy and safety of a 24-day regimen of drospirenone-containing combined oral contraceptive, and demonstrates that it is an effective and safe option for contraception, releasing symptom of premenstrual dysphoric disorder and acne in Korean women.
Acne Vulgaris ; Contraception ; Contraceptives, Oral, Combined ; Female ; Humans ; Korea