OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the dimensional standard of several nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) rotary files and verify the size conformity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ProFile (Dentsply Maillefer), RaCe (FKG Dentaire), and TF file (SybronEndo) #25 with a 0.04 and 0.06 taper were investigated, with 10 in each group for a total of 60 files. Digital images of Ni-Ti files were captured under light microscope (SZX16, Olympus) at 32x. Taper and diameter at D1 to D16 of each files were calculated digitally with AnalySIS TS Materials (OLYMPUS Soft Imaging Solutions). Differences in taper, the diameter of each level (D1 to D16) at 1 mm interval from (ANSI/ADA) specification No. 101 were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc test at 95% confidence level. RESULTS: TF was the only group not conform to the nominal taper in both tapers (p < 0.05). All groups except 0.06 taper ProFile showed significant difference from the nominal diameter (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Actual size of Ni-Ti file, especially TF, was different from the manufacturer's statements.
Continental Population Groups ; Humans

Congenital hemihypertrophy is one of the more unusual and interesting errors of nature found in the human race. The hemihypertrophy was first described by Meckel in 1822, and the first case was recorded by Wagner in 1839. Since that time, over 140 cases have been reported. The purpose of this article is to report an additional case along with review of previous literatures.
Continental Population Groups ; Humans

Acrocephalosyndactyly is one of the more unusual and interesting errors of nature (Congenital anomaly) found in the human race. This syndrome was first described by Apert in 1906. Since that time, over 200 cases have been reported. The purpose of this article is to report an additional case along with review of provious literatures.
Continental Population Groups ; Humans

There have been few studies investigating the differences in the perception of facial attractiveness according to gender, races and ethnicity. This study was conducted to determine whether different races or genders show actual differences in the perception of beauty. Using 5 composite faces of different races, this survey was designed on 486 participants from different races and ethnicities. Photographs of the composite faces were displayed on a large poster at Incheon International Airport and passersby were asked to take part in the survey regarding which composite face was the most attractive. Data were statistically analyzed to determine differences in beauty perception in terms of gender, race and ethnicity. There were significant differences in the perception of the most attractive face and the least attractive face according to gender. There were significant differences in the perception of the most and least attractive face according to race. Multivariate analysis also revealed that there were different perceptions of facial attractiveness according to ethnic backgrounds. The results of this study suggest that the perception of facial attractiveness may differ according to gender, race and ethnicity, and that some unique or peculiar patterns of beauty perception may exist.
Airports ; Beauty ; Continental Population Groups ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Population Groups

The 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D : 4D) as a predictor of the degree of expression of sexually dimorphic and other sex-hormone-mediated traits differs between the sexes, ethnics and race. The aim of this study is to identify characteristics and role of 2nd to 4th digit ratio as a sex determinant in Korean. This study was done on 664 individuals (332 males, 332 females). Data were collected by measuring index and ring finger length on both hands with digital callipers. The data were analyzed through the frequency, descriptive statistics, X2 test, independent t-test, paired t-test, Pearson correlation analysis using SPSS win 19.0. This study showed that the 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D : 4D) in Korean men (0.96) was significantly lower than that of women (0.97). There was a significant difference in the types of 2nd and 4th finger length according to sex. There was a significant difference between right 2D : 4D and left 2D : 4D both of Korean men and women. Correlation between right and left hand digit ratio was .530 in men and .556 in women. The 2nd to 4th digit ratio accurately determinated sex in 89.1% males and 89.2% females for the left hand, and in 91.8% males and 91.9% females for the right hand. The results of this study suggest that 2nd to 4th digit ratio in Korean differs between males and females, moreover, it will be able to perform a role as a sex determinant.
Continental Population Groups ; Female ; Fingers ; Hand ; Humans ; Male

It is well known that the incidence of hyperactive child is 3 to 10% in childhood population, which is different according to the auther, race, as well as the cultural back ground. As there is no objective tool to estimate the degree of hyperactivity, auther designed a tool to measure the movement of childhood representing by number in given period of time. Measurement of 37 normal children has been done as controll group showing that the mean right hand movement was 475 with standard deviation was + 209 while in left, the mean was 282 with standard deviation was + 187. The wide range of standard deviation was affected by emotional state of subject, place, as well as environmental state of each child. Scores measured in children with hyperactivity such as ADD.H., children with pervasivive developmental disorders and children with epilepsy with hyperactivity were more than double of the normal controll. Author concludes that this movement measurement tool may be useful to assist diagnosis and estimating the condition of hyperactivity.
Child* ; Continental Population Groups ; Diagnosis ; Epilepsy ; Hand ; Humans ; Incidence

In recent times the modification and injury of foot are shown due to various activity. It is essential to have detailed knowledges about the anatomical structure of medial longitudinal arch of foot for doing orthodigita or making shoes to prevent variation of medial longitudinal arch of foot. This study aimed to measure the constitution and to suggest the index of medial longitudinal arch of foot. Fifty four feet (30 M/24 F) obtained from the collection of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology of College of Medicine, Hanyang University were studied. We measured the length of foot, the height of foot, and the first ray angle. Also, we found the index of medial longitudinal arch and compared this results with various races anthropologically. Each items was analyzed using SPSS win 13.0. The length of foot was 211.12+/-13.02 mm and the height of foot was 39.03+/-6.27 mm. There was statistically significant difference between the values of male and female and among the age groups (p>0.001). The first ray angle was 24.98+/-2.16 degrees. There was statistically significant difference between the values of male and female (p>0.001). The medial longitudinal arch index was 18.43+/-2.33. The date shows clear distinction between the value of index in this study and the American's value of index as a result of comparing races. The results of this study would be useful to clarify the characteristics of the medial longitudinal arch.
Constitution and Bylaws ; Continental Population Groups ; Female ; Foot ; Humans ; Male ; Shoes

Vitiligo is a relatively common depigmentary disorder occurring in approximately 1-2% of the general population. All races are affected. Both sexes are likely to be affected equally; the female prevalence in some studies can probably be attributed to cosmetic reasons. It can occur and spread at any stage of life and is often associated with a positive family history. Up to 30 percent of patients have reported vitiligo in another family member. The lesion is characterized by discrete, pale-white macules, few or several in number, which tend to enlarge centrifugally over time. It is not contagious, nor is it a serious health problem. However, it can be troublesome in brown and black people as well as in white persons who tan deeply (skin phototype IV), and often leads to social embarrassment and psychological turmoil.
Continental Population Groups ; Female ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl ; Vitiligo*

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans(DFSP) is a rare cutaneous tumor, which occurs most commonly on the trunk or the proximal extremities, affects all races and often develops between the second and fifth decades of life. It is uncommon in childhood and is sometimes mistaken for a vascular lesion, as it often presents as a blue macule or small nodule. Histologically, it shows large uniformed spindle shaped cells arranged in a cartwheel or storiform pattern. Recently, the immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody to CD34 is reported to give assistance in the differential diagnosis of DFSP from the fibrous or neural tumors. We report herein a case of childhood DFSP showing CD34 positivity in a 9-year-old girl
Child ; Continental Population Groups ; Dermatofibrosarcoma* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Extremities ; Female ; Humans

PURPOSE: The cephalic index (CI) is used to classify the head and every race has its unique characteristics. Previous studies published in Korea were limited to demonstrating the periodical change of the CI. This study was done to determine the CI change in 0 to 20 year-old Koreans by sex and age. METHODS: The measurement was done on 1,222 Koreans ranging from 0 to 20 years of age, randomly selected from 2,156 who were diagnosed with simple concussion, had no other diseases or anomalies, and took cephalographs from January, 2000 to July, 2008. The files were obtained from Marosis(R) and then photogrammetry was done by Photoshop(R). To standardize the cephalograph, the Frankfort horizontal line was selected as the reference line on lateral view and the line connecting both lateral-orbitales on AP view. The maximal length was obtained from the lateral cephalograph and the maximal breadth from the AP cephalograph. RESULTS: The CI showed no difference by sex (p=0.4848). The CI and age showed negative correlation (p<0.0001). Analyzed separately by the male and the female, the CI showed statistical significance in the male (p<0.0001), but not in the female (p=0.4741) group. Comparing the CI above the age of 11, the CI of the female became greater than that of the male. CONCLUSION: This study contributes to the standardization of CI measurement and the authors were able to obtain the average CI by age. We concluded that the CI decreased according to age and most Koreans belonged to barchycephalic or hyperbrachycephalic.
Continental Population Groups ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Photogrammetry