Exploration of the underlying mechanisms of tumor occurrence and development,as well as evaluation of the efficacy of anticancer drug treatments,relies on various research models both in vivo and in vitro.Over the past few decades,with the rapid advancement of biomedical technology,significant achievements have been made in this field.Gene detection technology has progressed from a single-gene perspective to multi-gene approaches,resulting in rapid de-velopment of bioinformatics and transformation of the conceptual understanding of malignant tumors.Moreover,in vitro cell research models have evolved from monolayer two-dimensional and primary cultures to three-dimensional configura-tions,which better imitate the cellular interactions and functions within tumor tissues.Furthermore,in vivo animal re-search models have transitioned from traditional carcinogen induction and cell or tissue xenografts to genetically engi-neered animal models or xenograft models,enabling targeted investigation into the roles of relevant genes in the occur-rence and development of tumors.Clinical research has shifted from simple retrospective to prospective studies,includ-ing phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ clinical trials,investigator-initiated clinical trials,and real-world clinical trials.The major shortcom-ings of current malignant tumor research models include their singularity,insufficient simulation of the tumor microenvi-ronment,disparities between animal models and human tumors,and the lack of consideration for personalized medicine.Further research and optimization of the models are still needed in the future,along with more effective integration of different models to form an optimized comprehensive experimental model system.This review systematically examines and comprehensively overviews the evolution of malignant tumor research models with the aim of providing more refer-ences to researchers engaged in oncology research.

Objective To study the feasibility of the self-made negative pressure drainage device used for postoperative drainage of thyroid surgery. Methods To sum up 98 cases experiences of device utilization, we analyzed the manufacturing technology and the key points. Results All cases acquired success, of which one case gained 750 ml draining liquid of maximum daily, the other 97 cases had 15 -160 ml/d draining liquid, 33 ml/d average, drainage time 24-72 h, of which>36 h 53cases,>36-48 h 42cases, >48 h and ≤72 h 3cases, and medial 34 h. Conclusions Self-made negative pressure drainage device is convenient, simple, inexpensive and reliable production, which is worth of clinical promotion.