Objective To analyse the antinociceptive effect of muscle spindle afferents and the involved mechanism.Methods The single unit of wide dynamic range(WDR) neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn were recorded extracelluarly.The effects of muscle spindle afferents elicited by intravenous administration of succinylcholine (Sch) on nociceptive responses (C-fibres-evoked responses,C-responses) of WDR neurons were observed before and after bilateral lesions of ventrolateral periaqueduct gray (PAG).And the effects of muscle spindle afferents on the spontaneous discharge of the tail-flick related cell in the rostral ventro medial medulla (RVM) and on the spontaneous discharge of the PAG neurons were observed.Results The C-responses of WDR neurons were significantly inhibited by muscle spindle afferents,and the inhibitory effects were reduced by bilateral lesions of ventrolateral PAG.The spontaneous discharge of the off-cell in the RVM was excited while the on-cell was inhibited by intravenous administration of Sch.The spontaneous discharge of the PAG neurons were excited by muscle spindle afferents.Conclusion Muscle spindle afferents show a distinct effect of antinociception.PAG-RVM descending inhibitory system may play an important role in this nociceptive modulative mechanism.

Objective To assess the value of prenatal ultrasonography on fetal forearm and crus malformations by studying the ultrasonographic characteristic in relation to methods of examination. Methods All fetus were evaluated by using a systematic continuous sequence approach (SCSA) with ultrasonography. A close attention was paid on shapes, structures and movement of fetal forearm and crus, and fetus specimens after induced labor were rescanned by ultrasonography under the condition of mimic intra-uterus. Results Thirty of 33 cases (90.9%) with fetal forearm and crus malformations (totally 48 of 54 limb anormalies, 88.9%) were correctly diagnosed by prenatal ultrasonography. Six limb malformations of 3 cases were missed. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that the malformations of forearm and crus detected with prenatal ultrasonography are highly accordant with the malformations revealed in fetus in vitro. It is important to abide by the SCSA in ultrasonographic diagnosis of fetal forearm and crus malformation.

This study was aimed to establish quality standards of Granati pericarpium and Granati semen. The microscopy and thin layer chromatography (TLC) were used in the identification of Granati semen. According to the 2010 Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the content of moisture, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and alcohol-soluble extract were determined. And the HPLC was used in the content determination of ellagic acid in Granati semen and Granati pericarpium. The results showed that the microscopic characteristics of Granati semen were identified. And TLC identification of Granati semen was established. The content determination method of ellagic acid in Granati pericarpium and Granati semen were established. It was concluded that the established qualitative and quantitative method can be used for quality control of Granati pericarpium and Granati semen.

The construction of county medical service community (medical community) is an important measure for building a hierarchical and integrated medical and health service system. The article takes Yinzhou District of Ningbo city as an example to elaborate the strengths and weaknesses of the internal environment and the opportunities and challenges of the external conditions using SWOT analysis in the construction of county medical community, also put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions to provide reference for the further improvement.

Neurogenesis decline in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) participates in stress-induced depressive-like behaviors, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we observed low-expression of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 6 (NLRP6) in hippocampus of stress-stimulated mice, being consistent with high corticosterone level. NLRP6 was found to be abundantly expressed in neural stem cells (NSCs) of DG. Both Nlrp6 knockout (Nlrp6^-/-) and NSC-conditional Nlrp6 knockout (Nlrp6CKO) mice were susceptible to stress, being more likely to develop depressive-like behaviors. Interestingly, NLRP6 was required for NSC proliferation in sustaining hippocampal neurogenesis and reinforcing stress resilience during growing up. Nlrp6 deficiency promoted esophageal cancer-related gene 4 (ECRG4) expression and caused mitochondrial dysfunction. Corticosterone as a stress factor significantly down-regulated NLRP6 expression, damaged mitochondrial function and suppressed cell proliferation in NSCs, which were blocked by Nlrp6 overexpression. ECRG4 knockdown reversed corticosterone-induced NSC mitochondrial function and cell proliferation disorders. Pioglitazone, a well-known clinical drug, up-regulated NLRP6 expression to inhibit ECRG4 expression in its protection against corticosterone-induced NSC mitochondrial dysfunction and proliferation restriction. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that NLRP6 is essential to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis and proliferation in NSCs, and identifies NLRP6 as a promising therapeutic target for hippocampal neurogenesis decline linked to depression.

School-age children are in a specific development stage corresponding to juvenility, when the white matter of the brain experiences ongoing maturation. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI), especially diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), is extensively used to characterize the maturation by assessing white matter properties in vivo. In the analysis of DWI data, spatial normalization is crucial for conducting inter-subject analyses or linking the individual space with the reference space. Using tensor-based registration with an appropriate diffusion tensor template presents high accuracy regarding spatial normalization. However, there is a lack of a standardized diffusion tensor template dedicated to school-age children with ongoing brain development. Here, we established the school-age children diffusion tensor (SACT) template by optimizing tensor reorientation on high-quality DTI data from a large sample of cognitively normal participants aged 6-12 years. With an age-balanced design, the SACT template represented the entire age range well by showing high similarity to the age-specific templates. Compared with the tensor template of adults, the SACT template revealed significantly higher spatial normalization accuracy and inter-subject coherence upon evaluation of subjects in two different datasets of school-age children. A practical application regarding the age associations with the normalized DTI-derived data was conducted to further compare the SACT template and the adult template. Although similar spatial patterns were found, the SACT template showed significant effects on the distributions of the statistical results, which may be related to the performance of spatial normalization. Looking forward, the SACT template could contribute to future studies of white matter development in both healthy and clinical populations. The SACT template is publicly available now ( https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/SACT_template/14071283 ).