Objective To compare the sedation and anti-inflammatory effects of dexmedetomidine and midazolam on critical ill children with multiple trauma. Methods A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted. Sixty-five critical ill children with multiple trauma admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Anhui Province Children's Hospital from January 2014 to September 2016 were enrolled, who were randomly divided into dexmedetomidine group (33 cases) and midazolam group (32 cases). Children of both groups received sufentanil for analgesia. Children in dexmedetomidine group firstly received 1.0 μg/kg intravenous bolus of dexmedetomidine for 10 minutes, then continuous infusion of 0.2-0.7 μg·kg-1·h-1, while in midazolam group children received 1-5 μg·kg-1·min-1 of midazolam in continuous infusion. The goal of sedation was to maintain a Richmond agitation-sedation scale (RASS) score of -1 to 0. The level of serum interleukin (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 24, 48, 72 hours after treatment, and the duration of mechanical ventilation, ratio of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), length of stay in the PICU, ratio of sepsis and multiple organ failure (MOF) and mortality were also recorded. Results Compared with midazolam, dexmedetomidine decreased the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines. At 24 hours after treatment, the levels of serum IL-1β, TNF-α significantly decreased and IL-10 significantly increased [IL-1β (ng/L):6.48±2.89 vs. 8.07±3.14, TNF-α (μg/L): 11.25±5.21 vs. 15.44±5.97, IL-10 (ng/L): 12.10±5.35 vs. 9.58±4.71, all P < 0.05]. At 48 hours after treatment, the levels of serum IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α and CRP significantly decreased and IL-10 significantly increased [IL-6 (ng/L): 209.67±80.49 vs. 336.31±123.94, IL-8 (ng/L):229.09±80.81 vs. 298.28±90.25, IL-1β (ng/L): 7.31±3.02 vs. 8.74±3.17, TNF-α (μg/L): 12.52±4.79 vs. 16.58±5.98, CRP (g/L): 47.82±24.92 vs. 72.35±31.71, IL-10 (ng/L): 12.90±5.42 vs. 10.01±4.79, all P < 0.05]. At 72 hours after treatment, the levels of serum IL-8 and CRP significantly decreased [IL-8 (ng/L): 234.64±96.24 vs. 290.28±103.97, CRP (g/L): 53.24±29.12 vs. 86.58±38.30, both P < 0.05]. Compared with midazolam, dexmedetomidine could significantly reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation (days: 4.7±1.3 vs. 6.6±2.1), length of PICU stay (days: 9.5±2.7 vs. 12.3±3.9, both P < 0.05), and the ratio of sepsis (33.3% vs. 53.1%, P < 0.05). But there were no significant differences in ratio of CRRT (18.2% vs. 18.8%), MOF (9.1% vs. 18.8%) and mortality (6.1% vs. 12.5%) between two groups (all P > 0.05). Conclusion Compared with midazolam, dexmedetomidine had better efficacy in the treatment of severe multiple trauma in children and reduce the level of inflammation.

Objective:The characteristics of bacteriology and the change of drug resistance in PICU of our hospital during recent 5 years were analyzed to guide clinical rational drug use.Methods:All positive results of bacterial culture in PICU from January 2016 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, and were classified according to the sample source, strain type and drug sensitivity results.The bacterial etiology spectrum and drug resistance in PICU were summarized.Results:A total of 800 pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the specimens collected from the PICU from January 2016 to December 2020, including 476 Gram-negative bacteria, 292 Gram-positive bacteria, and 32 fungi, accounting for 59.50%, 36.50%, and 4.00%, respectively.The top 9 bacteria were: Staphylococcus aureus 134(16.75%), Haemophilusinfluenzae 79(9.88%), Klebsiellapneumoniae 78(9.75%), Streptococcus pneumoniae 74(9.25%), Escherichia coli 56(7.00%), Acinetobacterbaumannii 51(6.38%), Moraxella catarrhalis 48(6.00%), Enterobacter cloacae 26(3.25%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 25(3.13%). Drug sensitivity results showed that 27(48.21%, 27/56)strains of EScherichia coli and 42(53.85%, 42/78) strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were positive for ultrawide spectrum β-lactamase, and a total of 24(17.91%, 24/134)strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were detected.Staphylococcus aureus was almost 100% resistant to penicillin G and ampicillin, and had high resistance rates to clindamycin and erythromycin(72.70% and 72.30%, respectively). It was 100% sensitive to minocycline, teicoranin, vancomycin, linezolid, and dattomycin.The drug resistance rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae to erythromycin and clindamycin were 98.60% and 98.50%, respectively.The drug resistance rates to azithromycin were 96.80%, the drug resistance rates to penicillin G, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone were 12.30%, 5.40% and 1.50%, respectively, and the drug resistance rates to moxifloxacin, linezolid and vancomycin were 100% sensitive.Conclusion:During the past five years, the etiology of the PICU in our hospital is mainly Gram-negative bacteria, and the most common pathogenic bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus.Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli infections remain a great challenge.Bacterial resistance moitoring should be strengthened to provide evidence for the rational use of antibiotics.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and genotypes of neurodevelopmental disorders of microcephaly-epilepsy-cortical atrophy caused by VARS1 gene mutation.Methods:The clinical data of a child with VARS1 gene mutation who visited Anhui Children′s Hospital in December 2021 were reviewed and followed up. Using "VARS1" "VARS" "VALYL-tRNA synthetase" "Valyl-tRNA synthetase" as the search terms, the Chinese data bases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure database, Wanfang database) and PubMed database (the database establishment until 2022). Articles related to genetic diseases were searched and clinical phenotypes and genotypes were summarized.Results:This case was a 3-month-old girl. After birth, she suffered from repeated convulsions and feeding difficulties, and gradually developed microcephaly, hypotonia, and overall developmental delay. Brain imaging showed cortical atrophy, corpus callosum dysplasia, and craniosynostosis. The results of whole exome sequencing indicated a new homozygous gene mutation in VARS1: gene mutation in exon 27 of chromosome 6 c.3203C>T(p.Thr1068 Met), which was from the patient 's parents. She took phenobarbital, levetiracetam, and sodium valproate for anti-epileptic treatment regularly, and then convulsed as a seizure every few days. A total of 19 patients were reported in 5 literatures that met the search criteria, all of whom presented with neurodevelopmental disorders. A total of 20 VARS1 gene mutation sites have been found so far. Conclusions:Neurodevelopmental disorders of microcephaly-epilepsy-cortical atrophy should be considered for children with neurodevelopmental disorders such as microcephaly, epilepsy, developmental delay, and cortical atrophy. Gene sequencing plays an important role in the diagnosis of the disease.