To review the study progresses in venom protein, peptide and amino acids in natural drug. The study progresses were reviewed on the basis of analying the collected articles. Concerning the distribution, chemical structure, property, pharmacology and toxicity of ricin, abrin, riscotoxin, snake venom, bee venom and buthotoxin. These compounds have certain toxicity and biological activity to animals, It's worth exploiting and utilizing them in conjunction with the achievement in modern chemistry and pharmacology.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX), as its essential advantages of high efficiency and low cost, is a promising novel biological nitrogen elimination process with attractive application prospects. Over the past two decades, many processes based on the ANAMMOX reaction have been continuously studied and applied to practical engineering, with the perspective of reaching 100 full-scale installations in operation worldwide by 2014. Our review summarizes various forms of ANAMMOX processes, including partial nitritation-ANAMMOX, completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite, oxygen limited autotrophic nitrification and denitrification, denitrifying ammonium oxidation, aerobic deammonification, simultaneous partial nitrification, ANAMMOX and denitrification, single-stage nitrogen removal using ANAMMOX and partial nitritation. We also compare the operating conditions for one-stage and two-stage processes and summarize the obstacles and countermeasures in engineering application of ANAMMOX systems, such as moving bed biofilm reactor, sequencing batch reactor and granular sludge reactor. Finally, we discuss the future research and application direction, which should focus on the optimization of operating conditions and applicability of the process to the actual wastewater, especially on automated control and the impact of special wastewater composition on process performance.
Ammonia ; chemistry ; Bioreactors ; Denitrification ; Nitrification ; Nitrites ; chemistry ; Nitrogen ; chemistry ; Oxygen ; chemistry ; Sewage ; chemistry ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; methods ; Waste Water ; chemistry

Objective To investigate the effects of 17-methoxyl-7-hydroxy-benzene-furabcgakcone( MHBFC ) on isoproterenol-induced ventricular remodeling in mice. Methods Isoproterenol(ISO)was given subcutaneously(1 mg·kg-1, twice per day for 7 d)to induce ventricular remodeling in mice. Mice were divided into normal control group,model group, captopril group,MHBFC low and high-dose groups. 65 mg·kg-1 captopril was given by intragastric administration in captopril group,2. 5,5. 0 mg·kg-1 MHBFC were given by intravenous injection in MHBFC low and high-dose groups. At the end of the 7th day,the hearts of the mice were weighted,and myocardial hypertrophy index was expressed as heart weight/body weight, double kidneys weight/body weight and lung weight/body weight( HW/BW,KW/BW and LW/BW). Colorimetric method was used to determine the content of hydroxyproline( Hyp)in heart,the activity of superoxide dismutase( SOD)and the content of malondialdehyde( MDA)in serum. The histological changes were observed by HE and Masson’s staining,the changes of cross section area( CSA),collagen volume fraction,( CVF)and perivascular circumferential collagen area( PVCA)were determined. Results Compared with the model group,MHBFC potently inhibited cardiomyocyte hypertrophy,decreased the HW/BW, KW/BW and LW/BW,improved cardiac pathology changed,increased the of activity SOD,decreased the content of MDA in serum and the content of Hyp in heart tissue(P﹤0. 01 or P﹤0. 05),decreased the CVF and PVCA(P﹤0. 01). Conclusion MHBFC possesses protective effects against ISO-induced ventricular remodeling in mice,which may be related to its actions in reducing the oxidative stress and improving the antioxidant activity of the body.

Objective:To optimize the extraction technology of Fufang Jinsha Lidan granule. Methods:According to the properties of traditional Chinese medicines in the formula, orthogonal experiments were used to optimize the extraction process of Fufang Jinsha Li-dan granule. The volume of water, boiling time and boiling frequency were used as the three influencing factors with three different lev-els in the orthogonal experiments. Moreover, the content of paeoniflorin and the yield of extract were chosen as the evaluation indices. The orthogonal experiments were carried out according to the L9 (34 ) orthogonal table. Results:The optimal extraction process of Fu-fang Jinsha Lidan granule was as follows:boiled twice, and one hour per time with 12-fold amount of water ( soaked for 30 min with 14-fold amount of water for the first extraction process) . Conclusion:The extraction process has such properties as high extraction rate, stability, simple operation, high yield of extract and controllable quality, which is worthy of wide application.

Objective To investigate the carrying status and characteristics of Clostridium difficile isolated from infants.Methods Two hundred and thirty-eight stool specimens were collected from infant younger than 1 year old,that were hospitalized or outpatient from August to November 2015.Immunochromatography targeted GDH and toxin A&B of C.difficile was used for C.difficile screening,and those positive specimens were inoculated in CDIF and anaerobic culture.C.difficile isolates were genotyped by using slpA sequence typing (slpA ST),and tcdA,tcdB,cdtA and cdtB of C.difficile isolates were detected by PCR.Results Fifty C.difficile strains were isolated from 238 stool samples,and the isolated rates of C.difficile from <3 months,3 months to <6 months,and 6 months to 1 years old groups were 9.3%,17.6% and 27.3%(χ2=6.940,P=0.031<0.05),respectively.52.0%(26/50) of the C.difficile isolates were toxigenic,and 69.2% (18/26) toxigenic isolates harbored tcdA+tcdB+cdtA-cdtB-.Fifty C.difficile isolates were genotyped as 11 slpA STs,slpA ST fr-02 and kr-02 were the commonest genotypes in toxigenic C.difficile isolates;however,that was slpA ST xr-03 in non-toxigenic isolates.Conclusion High C.difficile carriage is found in infants younger than 1 year old,and more than half of C.difficile isolates are toxigenic.Most of toxigenic isolates harbored toxin A and B.The genotype of C.difficile isolates is different between toxigenic isolates and non-toxigenic isolates.

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effects of compound Kushen Tang and its relevant mechanism in TNBS-in-duced ulcerative colitis ( UC) rats. Methods:UC was induced by TNBS in rats. After compound Kushen Tang was given orally, the levels of MDA, iNOS, and NO and the activity of MPO, SOD, and GSH-Px were measured. The general condition of rats and colon tissue morphology were observed. Results:The levels of MDA (P<0. 05), iNOS (P<0. 01) and NO (P<0. 01) and the activity of MPO (P<0. 01) in tissues of UC rats were significantly higher than the control group. The activity of SOD (P<0. 01) and GSH-Px (P<0. 05) were significantly lower than those in the control group. After the treatment with high doses of compound Kushen Tang, the levels of MPO (P<0. 01), MDA (P<0. 05), iNOS (P<0. 05) and NO (P<0. 01) were significantly decreased, and the activity of SOD (P<0. 01) and GSH-Px (P<0. 05) significantly increased. The therapeutic effect was dose-dependent and the general con-dition of rats and colon tissue morphology were also significantly improved. Conclusion:Compound Kushen Tang is considered as a no-vel therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of UC, which can reduce coloni inflammatory injury and ameliorate the colitis.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of telescopic intramedullary rod for treatment of femur fracture or deformity correction in children with osteogenesis imperfecta,and to analysis the result of prevention recurrent fracture as well as the complication.Methods Data of patients who were treated by telescopic intramedullary rod for recurrent femur fracture or curved femoral deformity from March 2015 to December 2015 were prospectively analyzed.There were 39 boys and 26 girls.The average age of the patients was 9 years 2 months,ranging from 3 years 5 months to 13 years 4 month.All the patients had suffered from recurrent femur fractures leading to femoral deformity.The mean angulation angle was 58° (range,30°-95°).Among 69 sides,there were 21 sides of new fracture and 48 sides of deformity.Sixty-one patients were operated at one side and the other 4 patients were treated bilaterally.According to the modified Sillence classification system,there were 5 cases of type Ⅰ,17 type Ⅲ,34 type Ⅴ,3 type Ⅴ,2 type Ⅵ and 4 type ⅩⅤ.Results All the 65 patients were followed up for a mean period of 32 months (range,15-43).The average healing time of the osteotomy site or fracture site of the femur was 8 weeks (range,7-12).The patient was encouraged to begin weight bearing and walking when the Ⅹ-ray film showed healing of the osteotomy or fracture site.By the latest follow up,80％ of the patients could stand and walk independently,The incidence of femur fracture decreased significantly to the level of 0.5±0.2/year,compared to 2.7±1.8/year before operation.All the parents of the children were satisfied with the result of deformity correction.The children's self care and motion ability improved obviously after operation.During follow up,6 patients suffered from recurrent fracture of the femur by various degree,1 of them was treated by open reduction and telescopic rodding surgery,while the other 5 patients were treated conservatively because the fracture displaced or angulated minimally and 4 patients healed uneventfully while 1 patient need plate fixation to augment the axial stability.In 3 patients (1 type Ⅳ,2 type Ⅲ) the intubator failed to elongate with the growth of the distal femoral epiphysis,and in 2 patients the obturator migrated proximally which needed to be re-fixed.Low toxic infections occurred in 2 patients (type Ⅵ) which were treated successfully by removal of the rod and antibiotics.Conclusion The telescopic intramedullary rod can maintain the correction of the femur deformity and improve the quality the bone,thus prevent the recurrent fracture of the femur in children with osteogenesis imperfecta effectively.

Summarize the professor Hu Jingqing's experience in treating pathogenesis of intermingled phlegm and blood stasis by using purgative method.Intermingled phlegm and blood stasis is one of the most important pathogenesis of many difficult diseases in the contemporary era.From the perspective of TCM theory,the purgative method can dissipate phlegm,eliminate blood stasis and resolve masses,which is a suitable method for the treatment in pathogenesis of intermingled phlegm and blood stasis.In clinical practice,the professor Hu Jingqing emphasizes the specific classification of pathogenesis of phlegm and blood stasis in diagnosis,using the purgative methods according to different classifications of"excess heat"and"deficiency cold".And make flexible selections of various purgative drugs in prescription.Last but not least,it is suggested that the purgative method also should not be used as the only treating method.

Objective:To study the effect of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in the long-term treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) children, to analyze the factors influencing the efficacy, and to provide theoretical guidance for the application of CSII in long-term therapy and follow-up management.Method:A total of 60 T1DM children who were under 18 years old, lived in Qingdao for a long time, had CSII for more than 6 months, and visited the Outpatient Department of Endocrinology of Qingdao Women and Children′s Hospital for a long term from January 2019 to June 2019 were followed up with questionnaires to understand their general condition and treatment-related data.Result:After the CSII therapy, the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of T1DM children significantly decreased from (9.58±2.08)% to (7.12±1.11)% ( t=7.315, P<0.05), the daily insulin dosage per unit weight significantly declined from 0.91(0.86, 0.94) IU to 0.80 (0.66, 0.88) IU ( Z=-5.514, P<0.05), and the frequency of both hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis was significantly reduced.Diet control, daily exercise time, the visit frequency and the self-monitoring frequency of blood glucose affected the curative effect of CSII therapy (all P<0.05). Conclusion:CSII therapy can effectively control the blood glucose of children with T1DM in Qingdao area, significantly lower HbA1c, and reduce the insulin dosage and the incidence of hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis.Good diet control, regular exercise, regular follow-up and a high frequency of blood glucose monitoring are associated with better glycemic control.

Objective To study the effect of enhancer of rudimentary homolog (ERH) gene on migration and invasion in human bladder cancer T24 and 5637 cells.Methods After knocking out the ERH gene of human bladder cancer T24 and 5637 cells,Wound healing assay,Transwell cell migration assay and Transwell cell invasion assay were used to verify the migration and invasion function.Cell migration related protein was detected by Western blot.Nude mouse tail vein transfer assay was used to study the metastasis ability of bladder cancer cells in vivo.Results (1) The Wound healing assay showed that there were significant differences in the migration cell counts of human bladder cancer 5637 and T24 (P ＜ 0.05).(2) There were significant differences in migration and invasion cell counts of Transwell assay (P ＜0.05).(3) Western blot showed that the expression of E-Cadherin in human bladder cancer 5637 cells and T24 cells was significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05) after knocking out ERH gene,while the expression of Fibronectin,Twist,Vimentin and Snail2 protein were significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05).(4) Nude mouse tail vein transfer assay showed that lung metastases were significantly reduced in the ERH knockout group compared with the normal ERH group.Conclusions Both in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that ERH knockout affects the migration and invasion of human bladder cancer T24 and 5637 cells.