Objective To investigate the infection status of human papillomavirus (HPV) of females in Chongqing city ,in or‐der to provide scientific references for prevention of HPV infection and control of early cervical lesions .Methods The detection re‐sults of cervical cytology screening for 19 860 females in the University‐Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University ,the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and a county‐level hospital in Chongqing from January 2012 to January 2015 were collected ,and the HPV typing data were analysed .Results Among the 19 860 females ,5 681 females were infected with HPV ,the infection rate was 28 .61% .Due to the presence of multiple infection ,the actual infection frequency of HPV subtypes in 5 681 females was 8 906 .The infection frequency of high‐risk subtypes ,including multiple infections ,was 6 166 (accounted for 69 .23% ) .According to the probability of infection ,the top eight rate of subtype infection was HPV 52 ,16 ,58 ,6 ,CP8304(81) ,33 , 53 and 18 .The positive rate of single HPV infection was 19 .38% ,the positive rate of multiple infection was 8 .74% ,in which doub‐le infection was the main infection model .The infection rate of females aged 20 years old or less(43 .89% ) was the highest ,while have the infection rate of females aged 36-50 years old was the lowest(27 .26% ) .Conclusion The HPV infection rate of females in Chongqing is high ,the most of females infected by high‐risk subtype HPV .It is necessary to lay emphasis on preventing HPV 52 , 16 ,58 ,33 ,18 infection for females in Chongqing city .

Objective To analysis the incidence and management of monozygotic twin (MZT) conceived by assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Methods A retrospective analysis of clinical pregnancies and MZT that resulted from ART was performed in Reproductive Medical Center,the First Affiliated Hospital,Wenzhou Medical University between January 2011 and January 2014. Results A total of 5 908 pregnancies were diagnosed: 2 012 twins, 157 high-order multiple pregnancy (HOMP), including 4 quadruplets. Overall, 51 MZT pregnancies were identified of them including 32 cases HOMP and 19 cases MZT. The incidence of MZT resulting from cleavage-stage embryo transfer was similar to blastocyst transfer (P=0.960). The percent of MZT resulting from in vitro fertilization [0.93% (28/3 022)], frozen-thawed embryo transfer [0.87% (13/1 502)] and intracytoplamic sperm injection [0.72% (10/1 384)] did not show statistical significance (P=0.794). The expectantly managed MZT was associated with a significantly greater likelihood of miscarriage [6/19 vs 5.11% (101/1 976)], and low birth weight infant [73.91% (17/23) vs 42.89% (1 453/3 388), P<0.01], when compared with dizygotic twin (DZT) did not undergo selective embryo reduction(SER). In monozygotic (MZ)-triplets with SER to 2 fetuses or to 1 fetus, there was no cases of preterm birth or low birth weight infant observed in MZ-triplets with SER to 1 fetus;when compared with MZ-triplets with SER to 2 fetuses, the low birth weight infant [56.00% (14/25), P=0.021] has statistical significance. The likelihood of the survival of two babies was lower in MZ-triplets with SER to 2 fetuses when compared with non-MZ triplets with SER to 2 fetuses [42.86%(9/21)vs 75.21%(91/121), P=0.003]. Conclusions The incidence of MZT pregnancies following ART is high. It plays a significant role in the occurrence of HOMP. MZT pregnancies are at an increased risk of adverse outcomes , it should transform to a single embryo thansfer (SET) program to reduce them incideuce. Reduction of MZT contained in multiple pregnancies appears to be a safe option.

Objective To compare the laboratory and clinical results between unstimulated in vitro maturation (IVM) and IVM converted from in vitro fertilization (IVF) in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and non-PCOS patients.Methods We divided 591 IVM cycles in the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical Univesity from Jan.2008 to Dec.2013 into 4 groups:group A1B1,PCOS patients underwent unstimulated IVM protocol,240 cycles; group A1B2,PCOS patients underwent IVM converted from conventional stimulated IVF protocol,153 cycles; group A2B1,non-PCOS patients underwent unstimutlated IVM protocol,103 cycles; group A2B2,non-PCOS patient underwent IVM converted from conventional stimulated IVF protocol,95 cycles.Multiple linear regression method and binary logistic regression method were used to assess the influence of PCOS and protocols for IVM on laboratory and clinical outcomes.Results The mean number of oocytes retrieved was positively related with PCOS [partial regression coefficient (B)=3.37,P＜0.01].The maturation rate of oocytes was positively related with hCG-prime prior to oocyte aspiration (B=0.05,P=0.010).High-quality embryo rate was positively related with PCOS and IVM converted from IVF (B=0.08,P=0.010; B=0.09,P=0.001),as well as implantation rate related with them (B=0.07,P=0.010; B=0.10,P＜0.01).PCOS and IVM converted from IVF improved hCG positive (hCG＞10 U/L) rate (OR=1.636,95％CI:1.113-2.204,P＜0.05; OR=1.861,95％CI:1.307-2.649,P＜0.05) and the clinical pregnancy rate (OR=1.507,95％CI:1.041-2.240,P＜0.05; OR=1.881,95％CI:1.312-2.696,P＜0.05).IVM converted from IVF protocol decreased the spontaneous abortion rate (OR=0.490,95％CI:0.245-0.978,P＜0.05).Multiple gestation rate and ectopic pregnancy rate were not affected by PCOS condition and protocol used (P＞0.05).Conclusions PCOS and IVM converted from IVF protocol improved the high-quality embryo rate,implantation rate,hCG positive rate and clinical pregnancy rate.IVM converted from IVF protocol reduced the spontaneous abortion rate.PCOS patients may be more suitable for the IVM treatment.No matter PCOS or non-PCOS patients,IVM converted from IVF protocol had better pregnancy outcome than that of unstimulated cycle.

Objective To compare the outcomes of in-vitro maturation (IVM) and in-vitro fertilization (IVF) after early follicular phase gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a)down-regulation in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Methods From July 2010 to December 2012,72 infertile patients with PCOS undergoing assisted reproductive technology treatment in the Affiliated First Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University were enrolled in this study.The patients were divided into 2 groups,which were patients with early follieular phase down-regulation IVM (36 cases) at IVM group and early follicular phase down-regulation long protocol IVF (36 cases) at IVF group.The laboratory parameters and clinical outcomes were compared between two groups.Results (1) Lab parameters:a total of 442 oocytes were retrieved in group IVM,and 560 were in group IVF.The rate of mature oocytes of 83.8％ (469/560) and high-quality embryos of 70.9％ (212/299) at group IVF were significantly higher than that of group IVM [54.1％ (239/442) and 50.7％ (73/144),retrospectively,P ＜0.01].In group IVM,the average duration of gonadotropin (Gn) was (2.8 ± 1.5) days and the average dosage of Gn was (285 ± 169) U,which were significantly lower than (11.0 ± 1.0) days and (1499 ±165) U in group IVF (P ＜0.01).The mean number of oocytes retrieved 12.8 ± 2.5,fertilization rate of 64.8％ (155/239),and implantation rate of 31％ (23/74) in group IVM and 15.6 ±3.1,65.5％ (307/469),31％ (23/74) in group IVF,which did not reach statistical difference (P ＞0.05).(2) Clinical outcomes:the clinical pregnancy rate (17/31,55％) of IVF group was not significantly higher than that 44％ (14/32) at IVM group (P ＞ 0.05).The abortion rate was 1/17 at Group IVF and 1/14 in group IVM,which did not show statistical difference.Women at IVM group has no ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome (OHSS) cycle,group IVF has 31％ (11/36) cycles presented moderate and severe OHSS.Conclusions Infertile patients with PCOS undergoing IVM and IVF treatment after early follicular phase GnRH-a down-regulation can get satisfactory laboratory and clinical outcome.In addition to short treatment cycle,IVM can also avoid the occurrence of OHSS completely,but it has a rising trend in the abortion rate.IVF has a high incidence of OHSS,meanwhile,it increases the dosage of gonadotropins.

Under the combination of postgraduate education and standardized medical residents training, via exploring current situation, we put forward the limitations of routine rotation training, disconnection of theory and practice, inefficient of scientific ability. We arouse a new model by improving teaching model, enriching teaching content, optimizing teaching method, making better arrangement of rotations and cultivating scientific ability to provide references for enhancing the ability of clinical thinking, practice, scientific research and communication.

Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, is clinically characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Although overall great achievements have been made in elucidating the etiology and pathogenesis of PD, the exact mechanisms of this complicated systemic disease are still far from being clearly understood. Consequently, most of the currently-used diagnostic tools and therapeutic options for PD are symptomatic. In this perspective review, we highlight the hot topics in recent PD research for both clinicians and researchers. Some of these hot topics, such as sleep disorders and gut symptoms, have been neglected but are currently emphasized due to their close association with PD. Following these research directions in future PD research may help understand the nature of the disease and facilitate the discovery of new strategies for the diagnosis and therapy of PD.

Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, is clinically characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Although overall great achievements have been made in elucidating the etiology and pathogenesis of PD, the exact mechanisms of this complicated systemic disease are still far from being clearly understood. Consequently, most of the currently-used diagnostic tools and therapeutic options for PD are symptomatic. In this perspective review, we highlight the hot topics in recent PD research for both clinicians and researchers. Some of these hot topics, such as sleep disorders and gut symptoms, have been neglected but are currently emphasized due to their close association with PD. Following these research directions in future PD research may help understand the nature of the disease and facilitate the discovery of new strategies for the diagnosis and therapy of PD.
Humans ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Parkinson Disease/therapy* ; Sleep Wake Disorders/therapy*

To observe the migration of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) labeled with PKH26 in the endometrium of rats intrauterine adhesion. hAMSCs were isolated, identified and labeled with PKH26 to detect the biological characteristics of the cells. Rat intrauterine adhesion models were established using mechanical and infective method and PKH26-labeled hAMSCs were transplanted through the tail vein. The distribution of PKH26 labeled hAMSCs in the endometrium of rats were observed with the fluorescence confocal microscope. The results showed that PKH26 stain had no significant effect on cell activity, cycle, apoptosis and so on. PKH26-labeled positive cells were mainly distributed in injured endometrium of rats. It shows that the PKH26 labeling technique is a safe and effective method for tracing the human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of intrauterine adhesions.