Micturition is a complicated physiological activity and is controlled by many central pathways. With the application of positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), people can observe the activity of the brain during the course of micturition and urinary continence. This paper will review the physiological micturition and central pathways controlling for micturition.

Voiding dysfunction is a common lower urinary tract disorder, including urgency incontinence, urgency frequency, urinary retention and so on. Sacral neuromodilation is adapt for the patients who are fail for the conservative treatments and are intend to have operation. This paper would review some of this new method, such as the history, mechanism, indication, technical procedure and curative effect.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of double dosage tolterodine (4 mg/d) on patients with detrusor overactivity after spinal cord injury (SCI).Methods30 patients with detrusor overactivity after SCI who poorly responsed to tolterodine (2 mg/d) were treated with double dosage tolterodine. Urine leakage and quality of life by ICI-Q-SF was used to assess the treatment effect.Results28 of 30 patients completed this study after 4 weeks. 2 patients quited for dry mouth. After treatment with double dosage tolterodine, bladder capacity increased significantly from (196.3±44.7) ml to (393.5±54.3) ml, urine leakage decreased from (4.96±2.15) to (3.92±2.14) times per day. 25 of the 28 patients showed improvement in quality of life by ICI-Q-SF. ConclusionTreatment with double dosage tolterodine showed improvements in bladder capacity and urine leakage in patients with detrusor overactivity after SCI if the patients could tolerate the dry mouth and other side effects.

The reproductive toxicity of environmental estrogens(EEs)has become an extensively studied subject in environmental science and reproductive medicine nowadays.Many epidemiology data and experimental evidences indicated that EEs may significantly cause the disorders of male sex differentiation such as microphallus,hypospadia,cryptorchidism and masculinization behavior disorder and so on.The mechanism includes estrogenic activity,anti-androgenic activity as well as other feedback regulation and signal transmission which influence hormones metabolism.

AIM: To investigate the effect of homocysteine(Hcy) on the apoptosis of endothelial cells (EC). METHODS: First-passaged human umbilical vein endothelial cells (hUVEC) were cultured with M199 containing 3 mmol/L Hcy. hUVEC apoptosis was detected as follow: demonstration of nuclear changes by Hoechst 33258 staining, agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments, detection of apoptotic cells by flow cytometry following Annexin V-PI doubled stain, Western blot for P53 and Bax protein detection and colorimetry detecting caspase-3 activity. RESULTS: Compared with control, homocysteine induced characteristic apoptotic changes in hUVEC. The chromosomal DNA of hUVEC appeared “DNA ladder” by agarose gel electrophoresis. Apoptotic cells were increased significantly (P

In order to improve the efficacy of vibration expectoration and prevent secondary injury in patients with chest trauma,the body surface marking method was used in vibration expectoration.The exact injured locations and areas were identified via CT ot X-ray results.Then,the restricted and focused areas of expectoration were marked with red and green colors,which could guide the machines to avoid the fracture sites,reduce pain,prevent secondary injury and administrate effective expectoration in the areas of sputum and atelectasis.However,the dynamic CT or X-ray results must be used for reference to ensure the accuracy of the body surface marking.

The practice and exploration of bilingual teaching for the course of microbiology has been made in order to improve the students foreign lingual level and to meet the higher requirement on tip-top person with the social development. As a result,bilingual teaching is welcome,and the teaching effect is so distinct that the aim was reached to either study the fundamental knowledge or enhance the English level.

Agricultural Microbiology is a professional foundation curriculum for biology,botany and envi-ronmental majors in agricultural universities.After 1999,with the increase enrollment of the national under-graduate education and rapid construction of the university,the number of majors and students increased rapidly and quality of students and talent demand of society changed dramatically.Under such condition,in order to meet the society demand of microbiology,according to the distinguishing feature of different major groups,based on strengthening the basis teaching and stretching application teaching,new curriculum teaching model and method were explored positively,and then new curriculum system was constructed.Be-ing aroused sufficiently of the students’ subjective initiative,both the teaching quality and comprehensive quality were improved.

Objective To retrospectively study the variation of glucose in patients with insulinomas. Methods The medical records of patients who underwent operations in the last 20 years at Peking Union Medical College Hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Patients who received repeated operations, or just exploratory laparotomy or liver biopsy were excluded. The clinical data were collected and analyzed. Results There were 245 patients, including 103 males and 142 females. The mean age was (42.2+ 14.6) years old. The mean value of preoperative fasting glucose was (1.47+0. 57) mmol/L, and the ratio of insulin to glucose was greater than 0.3 in 87.4% patients. The glucose level rose gradually after removal of the tumor(s). The blood sugar rising more than 1 time over the baseline value at one hour after resection was observed in 79.6% patients. For all the other patients, the glucose level rose to this level in the morning of the first postoperative Day 1. Rebound hyperglycemia was common after operations, and the glucose gradually returned to normal, with a mean level of 5.56 mmol/L at the time when the patients were discharged home. Conclusions Patients with insulinomas had a serum fluctuation in glucose (low→high→normal) during the perioperative period.Intraoperative glucose test combined with ultrasound and frozen section helped to localize and to remove all the lesions. Rebound hyperglycemia after surgery should be treated with insulin pump actively to minimize the incidence of complications.

Objective To observe the effects of electrical acupuncture for the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity (DO) caused by spinal cord injury (SCI).Methods Twenty SCI patients with DO were included in this study. There were 18 males and 2 females;age ranged from 17 to 58 years. Patients were given electro-acupuncture treatment at the bilateral S3 foramen at the lateral position during the vidio-urodynamic investigation when the detrusor of the patients began to contract.The different intensities of electrical stimulation were used when the DO appeared during cystometry and the most effective intensity to inhibit DO was determined. Then, the bladder was emptied and the stimulation with selected intensity was used at the beginning of cystometry. The changes of parameters in the urodynamics, the urinary incontinence times per day and the pad used per day were recorded. The acute effects were observed. Ten days were set as one course and after 3 courses and 9 courses the patients underwent urodynamic test again. The long-term effects were observed.Results After treatment, the urinary incontinence times per day and the pad used per day decreased obviously (P<0. 05). The bladder capacity increased significantly and the maximum intravesical pressure decreased significantly. There were 3 patients having the long terms treatment. Conclusions The Chinese electro-acupuncture at S3 foramen in the SCI patients with DO is demonstrated effective. After the treatment bladder capacity could increase and the times of the urinary incontinence per week decrease.