PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to test the effectiveness of an 8 session intervention program to prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among at-risk prostitutes. METHOD: An experimental research design was employed. Subjects were 59 prostitutes (29 in the control group and 30 in the experimental group) who agreed to participate in this study. An STD Prevention Framework derived from Cox's Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior guided the overall intervention and the components. The intervention had 8 sessions with STD-prevention strategies and was led by Public Health Nurses. Analysis included change scores, chi2-test, and t-test. RESULT: The results revealed significant increase in feelings and skills of condom use, peer belief on condom use, condom use practice, and satisfaction with service at public health centers (PHC) on STDs knowledge and skills in the experimental group. However, newly contracted STDs were not significant statistically between groups. CONCLUSION: The 8 session STDs prevention program showed a effect on emotions, skills and behaviors of condom use even withthe limitation of methodological rigors because of subject-specific conditions. In the future, a capacity-building model based on collaborating networks among community-based organizations will be needed to develop in effective STDs prevention.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases/*nursing/prevention & control ; Risk Factors ; *Prostitution ; Humans ; Female ; *Counseling ; Condoms/*utilization ; Adult

OBJECTIVETo study the patterns of sexual contact and behavioral features of men who have sex with men (MSM) and to analyze the related potential risks:

METHODSA face to face interview with a standardized questionnaire was conducted on 673 MSM from May to July, 2006 in Haerbin, Heilongjiang province. Mixing matrices were computed based on characteristics of MSM and their sexual partners and different models were used for goodness-of-fit.

RESULTS648 questionnaires were completed. Age and marriage status of sexual contact patterns were assertive with values of Q which were found to be 0.03 and 0.41, respectively. Values of Q showed big difference according to age and marriage status of sexual mixing Patterns among different sites. A tendency for age and marriage pairing in clustering around main diagonal (table 5, table 6) suggested that MSM and their partners were similar in ages and marriages while young MSM tend to have older partners. Most of the MSM had large number of sexual partners and frequently changing their sexual partners. The proportions of consistent condom use changed greatly (chi2 = 76.22, P < 0.001) over time with the proportions of consistent condom use and commercial sex behaviors among 15-24 age groups of 50.9% and 22.5%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONAmong MSM, sexual mixing patterns were weakly assertive,suggesting potential HIV transmission risk did exist since high risk behavior often occurred among MSM and their sexual partners.

Adolescent ; China ; Condoms ; utilization ; HIV Infections ; transmission ; Homosexuality ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo explore whether condom use is influenced by power relation in commercial sex behaviors.

METHODSVariables were designed to measure the power relation in commercial sex behaviors based on the theory of gender and power relation and data were collected from male sexually transmitted diseases (STD) patients and female commercial sex workers (FSWs) working at recreation centers or being detained in a women education center to identify the relationship between condom use and power relation in male and female respondents using bivariate and multiple regression analysis.

RESULTSA significant relationship was identified between power relation and female condom use, the higher the score of power relations, the higher frequency the condom use, but no similar result was found in males. Females got a higher score of power relation than males.

CONCLUSIONSPower relation is one of the factors that influence condom use, which should be considered when relevant theories are used to study the rate of condom use. It is worthwhile exploring the relationship between safe sex and power relation in spouses and regular sex partners when interventions are adopted to prevent HIV/AIDS spreading from high risk groups to the general population.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Condoms ; utilization ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Power (Psychology) ; Sexual Behavior

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; prevention & control ; China ; epidemiology ; Condoms ; utilization ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Transients and Migrants

OBJECTIVETo determine the relationship between the rate of condom use and incidence of Chlamydia amongst commercial sex worker, using a mathematical model.

METHODSAssuming that p(%) is the rate of condom use by female sex workers, and r(%) is the incidence of Chlamydia. If the use of condom increases by delta p, then the incidence of Chlamydia will decrease by delta r. k is the relative rate of change. Then, the mathematical model established becomes dr/dp = -kr.

RESULTSThe solution of the differential equation is r (p) = r (P0) exp [-k (p - p0)]. Using the surveillance data gathered from 100% Condom Use Program in Wuhan City, the k value is calculated to be 4.36. If k indicates the contribution coefficient of reducing Chlamydia after condom use, when the rate of condom use increases by 16%, then the incidence of Chlamydia will decrease by 50%. The average difference between the actual incidence and the incidence calculated from the mathematical model is only 6.2%. This result demonstrates a good fit. The predicted result of using this mathematical model shows that at the time of lower levels of condom use, a small increment on the rate of condom use would considerably reduce the infection rate of Chlamydia.

CONCLUSIONWhen k remains constant, this mathematical model reflects the qualitative relationship between the rate of condom use and the incidence of Chlamydia.

China ; epidemiology ; Chlamydia Infections ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Condoms ; utilization ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Incidence ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Surveillance ; Sex Work

OBJECTIVETo study the HIV infection risk perception, sexual behavior and condom use among college students who had sexual experiences.

METHODSUsing data generated from a survey on AIDS related knowledge and risk perception and sexual behavior (conducted in a coast city of Zhejiang province in 2003), with a questionnaire involving self-reporting history of sexual experience. Software SPSS 12.0 for windows was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS47.0 percent of the 2785 students having had sexual experience did not feel that sexual experience was related to HIV risk while 51.3 percent them considered their sexual behavior was at much low risk. 80.5 percent of the students with sexual experience had ever used condoms, but only 16.0 percent used it consistently. There was no association between risk perception and condom use, but there was association between risk perception and intention for condom use.

CONCLUSIONThe college students having had sexual experience had low level of risk perception on HIV infection and had a high rate of ever condom use but low in consistent use. Extensive and detailed prevention intervention was needed to improve the safe sexual behaviors.

Attitude to Health ; China ; Condoms ; utilization ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Humans ; Risk ; Sexual Behavior ; Students ; psychology ; Universities ; Unsafe Sex

OBJECTIVETo study the risk sexual behaviors related to AIDS between heterosexual and homosexual men who have had sex with men.

METHODSTarget sampling, anonymous questionnaires were adopted to compare sexual behaviors between the two groups.

RESULTSThe total amount of sex partners with same-sex was 13.8 on average among heterosexual men including 3.8 with male partners in the past 6 months. Numbers of male partners who had oral sex with was 10.5 and anal sex was 12.4 which were both less than with same sex. Among heterosexual men, the total number of female partners was 4.9 on average but number of female partners in the past 6 months was 1.7 which were both more than that among the homosexuals who were all in marriage status. The rate of condom use was 68.8% (lower than that among homosexual men), among heterosexual men when having sex with men. The rate of condom use among heterosexual men during last anal intercourse was 91.3% with male partners or 63.7% with females. Both figures were higher than that among the homosexuals. The rates of condom use among the two groups were 91.3% and 71.0% respectively during the last anal intercourse with men which were higher than the corresponding rate of condom use during the last oral sex. The rate of heterosexual men who ever had engaged in group sex was 9.9% in the previous year and the incidence of bleeding was 16.7% during sexual intercourse. 11.4% of them reported ever having had sex with partners from other areas in the last year and 4.2% had experienced same-sex harassment before 16 years of age. 4.6% had paid for male-male sex. All these figures were lower than that of the homosexuals.

CONCLUSIONThe characteristics of high risk sexual behaviors related to AIDS showed much difference in the two groups which called for attention among these groups of MSM.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; epidemiology ; Adult ; Condoms ; utilization ; Heterosexuality ; statistics & numerical data ; Homosexuality, Male ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Partners ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo understand the trends on HIV and syphilis infections, as well as on risk behaviors and intervention among MSM in China from 2010 to 2013 so as to provide information for the development of intervention strategies for MSM.

METHODSStudy population involved MSM who were recruited for the national HIV sentinel surveillance between 2010 and 2013. Demographic information, HIV related risk behaviors, and results on HIV and syphilis infections were described and trend analysis was performed.

RESULTSBetween 2010 and 2013, the total number of MSM under survey was 149 848. As for sources of the studied population, 12.3% of them were from public bathrooms (Group A), 30.1% from internet (Group B), and 57.5% were others (Group C). Proportions of three groups were similar between 2010 and 2013. The proportion of always using condom in the last six months increased from 30.2% to 37.8%, from 34.7% to 42.9% and from 35.3% to 43.1% in group A, B or C (trend:P < 0.01), from 2010 to 2013. The proportion of using condom in group A was the lowest among the three groups. The prevalence rate of HIV increased from 7.8% in 2010 to 9.2% in 2013 among group A, from 5.0% in 2010 to 6.8% in 2013 among group B, from 5.6% in 2010 to 6.5% in 2013 among group C(trend:P < 0.01). The prevalence rate of syphilis decreased from 13.2% in 2010 to 9.5% in 2013 among group A, from 6.1% in 2010 to 5.7% in 2013 among group B, from 8.7% in 2010 to 6.2% in 2013 among group C (trend:P < 0.01). In this MSM population, 77.1% of them were at age 21-40, 9.4% were at age 41-50 and 2.8% were older than 50 years of age. Both the prevalence rates of HIV and syphilis were the highest-10.1% and 13.6%, among age group of over 50s, respectively.

CONCLUSIONHIV prevalence among MSM increased rapidly in the last four years, especially in older age groups and from public bathrooms. More intervention efforts should be targeting on MSM with the above mentioned characters.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Condoms ; utilization ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; Homosexuality, Male ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Unsafe Sex ; statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo explore the predictors of condom-use self-efficacy in Chinese college students according to the extended parallel process model (EPPM)-based integrated model.

METHODSA total of 3,081 college students were anonymously surveyed through self-administered questionnaires in Guangzhou and Harbin, China. A structural equation model was applied to assess the integrated model.

RESULTSAmong the participants, 1,387 (46.7%) were male, 1,586 (53.3%) were female, and the average age was 18.6 years. The final integrated model was acceptable. Apart from the direct effect (r = 0.23), perceived severity had two indirect effects on condom-use self-efficacy through the attitude to HIV education (r = 0.40) and intention to engage in premarital sex (r = -0.16), respectively. However, the perceived susceptibility mediated through the intention to engage in premarital sex (intent-to-premarital-sex) had a poor indirect impact on condom-use self-efficacy (total effect was -0.06). Furthermore, attitude toward HIV health education (r = 0.49) and intent-to-premarital-sex (r = -0.31) had a strong direct effect on condom-use self-efficacy. In addition, male students perceived higher susceptibility, stronger intent-to-premarital-sex, and lower condom-use self-efficacy than female students.

CONCLUSIONThe integrated model may be used to assess the determinants of condom-use self-efficacy among Chinese college students. Future research should focus on raising the severity perception, HIV-risk-reduction motivation, and the premarital abstinence intention among college students. Furthermore, considering the gender differences observed in the present survey, single-sex HIV education is required in school-based HIV/sex intervention.

Adolescent ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Condoms ; utilization ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Theoretical ; Risk Factors ; Self Efficacy ; Sexual Behavior ; Students ; Universities ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo analyze willingness and influencing factors for usage of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men (MSM).

METHODS887 men who were older than 18 years old and used to have sex with men were recruited through internet between November 27 and December 17, 2013. Data were collected through self designed questionnaire, which was designed to collect information including demography features, willingness of usage of PrEP and associated factors.

RESULTSTotally 760 qualified questionnaires were collected. The ages of surveyed MSM were between 18 and 60, 58.2% (442) were single, 78.9% (600) of them have received college education, 60.4% (459) received annual income less than 60 000 yuan, 73.3% (557) only had sex with men and 77.2% (587) self reported being gay. 32.1% (243/758) of the respondent MSM said they would like to use PrEP. 61.0% (305/500) would like or possibly to take PrEP orally each day. 70.9% (354/499) would keep the same condom using frequency as current situation after using PrEP. In the univariate analysis, the willingness of taking PrEP was ('(2) = 27.61, P < 0.001) lower among those annual income less than 60 000 yuan (27.7% (127/458)) than those annual income higher (44.7% (116/260)); the willingness was significantly ('(2) = 10.99, P = 0.001) higher among those understanding PrEP (35.4% (196/554)) than those not understanding (22.8% (44/206)). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, it suggested that annual income under 60 000 yuan (OR = 0.64 (95% CI: 0.45-0.92)) and understanding PrEP (OR = 1.98 (95% CI: 1.36-2.88)) were influencing factors for usage of PrEP among MSM.

CONCLUSIONMSM didn't understand the PrEP sufficiently currently, economic consideration and worries about the side effects will affect their willingness of using PrEP.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Condoms ; utilization ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ; utilization ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult