OBJECTIVE

This study assessed the correlation of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and varying levels of exposure to video display terminals (VDT) among young adult Filipinos.

METHODS

This cross-sectional, analytical, single-center study compared the MPOD, measured using the Zeiss VISUCAM 500, between two groups of individuals aged 20 to 35 years old with differing VDT exposure. The more exposed group consisted of individuals who spent at least 8 hours per day on VDTs for the past 1 year, while the less exposed group spent less than 6 hours per day. Student’s t-test and chi-square test were used to compare the two groups, while Pearson's r coefficient was utilized to determine the relationship between MPOD and VDT exposure.

RESULTS

A total of 80 individuals (40 in each group) were included in the study. Both groups had similar profiles, except for refractive errors, which were significantly higher in the prolonged VDT exposure group (p = 0.02). The prolonged exposure group averaged 10 hours of VDT use per day, compared to 3 hours in the low VDT exposure group. The MPOD level, particularly the maximum optical density (Max OD), was significantly lower in the prolonged VDT exposure group (0.2034 DU) compared to the low VDT exposure group (0.2467 DU) (p = 0.0051). A negative weak correlation was observed between the VDT exposure hours and MPOD levels (Max OD r = –0.387, p = 0.0005).

CONCLUSION

This study found a weak but significant negative correlation between prolonged VDT exposure and lower MPOD levels, suggesting that extended screen time may contribute to reduced macular pigment density. While the correlation was weak (r = –0.387), these findings underscore the potential risk of diminished macular health with increased VDT use. The results highlight the importance of promoting protective strategies, such as reducing screen time and encouraging dietary or lifestyle changes that support eye health, especially among individuals with high VDT exposure.

Human ; Video Display Terminals (vdt) ; Computer Terminals

PURPOSE: The present research is a descriptive study aimed at understanding clinical nurses' Video display terminal (VDT) syndrome and identifying the factors that affect their VDT syndrome. METHODS: Data were collected from 239 clinical nurses working in two metropolitan cities. Research tools included subject's VDT syndrome assessing musculoskeletal, ophthalmic, dermal, psychiatric, and whole body syndromes. The data were analyzed using frequency analysis, average and standard deviation, t-test, One-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis with the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program. RESULTS: The subjects' VDT syndrome score was 1.34 out of 5. There were significant differences in participating subjects' VDT syndrome, hospital's size, working unit, health status, diagnosis of illness, having an Order Communication System (OCS), having an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) System, continuous VDT working for more than one hour, break time during VDT use, VDT use time, comfort of the chair, adjustability of the height of the chair, size of the VDT's desk, distance between the monitor and the user's eyes, resolution of the monitor, and frequency of eye exercise during VDT use. According to the research, influencing factors on VDT syndrome in clinical nurses included size of the VDT's desk, frequency of eye exercise during VDT use, having an EMR system, break time during VDT use, diagnosis illness, and having an OCS' system. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study can be used as a basis for future VDT syndrome prevention education and programs for clinical nurses.
Computer Terminals* ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Electronic Health Records

BACKGROUD: The use of video display terminal(VDT) is growing rapidly. The purpose of this study was to examine detailed symptoms related to VDT use, factors related to symptoms of VDT users. METHODS: 852 bank clerks using VDT who visited to a haspital in Pusan were enrolled in this study. Collected data ineluded age, sex, symptoms associated VDT, weekly VDT usage time, distance from head to hard distance from eyes to VDT, angle to VDT. RESULTS: The prevalence of symptoms related to VDT use was 27.0 percent. Symptoms involved visual (19.9%), musculoskeletal(10.8%), neurological system (0.5%). The prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms of women was higher than men. The prevalence of visual symptoms of subjects less than 30 years of age was higher than those of 31 years and over. The prevalence of subjects with more than one symptoms was 33.7 percent; subjects with visual and musculoskeletal symptoms were most common. Angle to VDT af group having symptoms related to VDT use was 5.1+/-22.6 degrees while those without was -0.5+/-17.0 degrees(P<0.05). Weekly mean VDT usage time of group having symptoms related to VDT use was 25.0(3.0- 90.0) hours while thase without were 11.0(0.5- 100.0) hours<0.01). In order of fvequency subjects having visual, musculoskeletal, and neurolagical symptoms, angle to VDT and weekly mean VDT usage time were increased CONCLUSIONS: Factors related to symptoms of VDT users were weekly VDT usage time and angle to VDT. The prevalence of symptoms related to VDT use was 27.0 percent.
Busan ; Computer Terminals ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence

Adult ; Computer Terminals ; Humans ; Male ; Paper ; Reading ; Students, Medical ; Workload

BACKGROUND: The effect of Video Display Terminals(VDT) Syndrome is well documented. The purpose of this study is to examine the difference in systemic subjective symptoms between long term users of computers with that of the general population and to help plan to avoid the risk of developing Video Display Terminal Syndrome. METHOD: Data was collected for this study between August 1996 and February 1997. Two groups consisting of seventy(70) long term computer users(Exposed Subjects) and fifty nine(59) non users (Non Exposed Subjects), were selected for the survey. Data was gathered from the exposed subjects through their response to the survey questionnaire posted on the internet requiring detailed responses concerning ten systemic subjective symptoms that were experienced as a result of the long term exposure to VDT. Data was gathered from the non exposed subjects through written responses to the questionnaire. RESULTS: Among the more significant difference was the experience of ocular symptoms among the exposed group. The exposed group experienced in descending order eleven items of ocular symptoms. Congestion, strain, decreased visual acuity, ocular pain, and dryness. Among seven items of lifestyle, the exposed group characteristically exercised less(P<0.05) and did more home activity (P<0.05), characteristically lead healthier life than the non exposed group. Participation in exercise differed most among the groups. The exposed group participating in moderate exercise scored 517+/-551.6 compared to the non exposed group which exercised very vigorously(p<0.05). In comparison of subjective symptom and life styles per daily exposure time(over 8,10,16 hours daily) there was significant difference between 8 and 10hour exposers only in the stress item(P<0.05). In the exposure group there were less cardiovascular symptoms(P<0.05) due to more art activity(P<0.05), more cardiovascular symptoms and less sleep activity(P<0.001) and more ocular symptoms(P<0.05) due to higher levels of stress. CONCLUSIONS: By exercising, exposers can decrease the respiratory symptoms, and by seeking methods that enable efficient management of work time, the subjects can benefit from the reduced work time, and by seeking methods so that one receive less stress and can resolve them they can reduce their ocular symptoms, sleep problems, cardiovascular symptoms. And in their spare time, the subjects can be recommended to involve in art activity for each person, through PC indirectly. Designing the development of cyber gallery, museum, literature room, concert can reduce the oecur-rence rate of cardiovascular symptoms.
Computer Terminals ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Humans ; Internet ; Life Style* ; Museums ; Visual Acuity ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo investigate the possibility of subjective rate, primary task evaluation and psychophysiology evaluation as methods for mental workload assessment of mental arithmetic on visual display terminal (VDT).

METHODSThe indexes including Cooper-Harper scale score, correct rate, speed in answering questions, heart rate variability, pupil size and blink rate were recorded during the performance of three different difficult tasks.

RESULTSWith the variable number of formula increasing, the Cooper-Harper scale score increased, the right rate decreased, the speed decreased, pupil size increased, and blink rate significantly decreased. In comparison with rest, the value of TP, VLF, LF, LFnorm, LF/HF decreased remarkably in the mental arithmetic task, the value of HFnorm, HF/TP, rMSSD increased. However, the difference was not significant among three groups.

CONCLUSIONWith the variable number of formula increasing, the participant's mental workload increases. Every method of mental workload evaluation can assess the mental workload information for three tasks at various different levels in a way. Multi-indexes may be appropriate for mental load assessment.

Computer Terminals ; Humans ; Male ; Mathematics ; Mental Fatigue ; physiopathology ; Mental Processes ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Workload ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to quantify symptoms in the upper extremities and to identify the pain related factors among hospital workers using video display terminals. METHODS: The subject-group consisted of 138 employees working at a hospital using video display terminals. A structured questionnaire was used to estimate the participants' general characteristics, and job contents. Job stress was measured using Karaseks JCQ(Job Content Questionnaire). Pain in the upper extremities was identified according to the NIOSH symptoms survey criteria. Quantification was measured using Kim Chul's method. Pearson's Correlation analysis was used to identify validity in quantification. VAS(visual analog scale) was used to compare with this method. Multiple regression analyses elucidated the relationship between quantified pain and various work factors, such as job stress. Data were analysed with SAS 6.12 program. RESULTS: First, in quantification using Kim Chul's method, the correlation between modified PRS(pain rating score) and VAS was extremely high by 0.60(P<0.01), indicating the high validity of PRS. Second, the groups of high job demand, high job control, and females were related to an increased pain level. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the self pain assessment method, PRS, is valuable and useful in analyzing occupational musculoskeletal symptoms. High demand, job control and gender may influence the levels of pain. Prospective studies about musculoskeletal disorder are required.
Computer Terminals* ; Female ; Humans ; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.) ; Pain Measurement ; Questionnaires ; Upper Extremity*

PURPOSE: We created an 'AAPM TG18 Evaluation Tool' and we determined its usefulness for the quality control of a diagnostic monitor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We created an evaluation tool (the AAPM TG18) for conducting quality control of a diagnostic monitor, and we evaluated the measurement items of the AAPM TG18 evaluation tool. The measurement items were geometric distortion, fixed quantity assessment and visual assessment of the veiling glare, and we carried out adjustment for the luminance meter 0% calibration, which was used to revise the diagnostic monitor DICOM LUT. RESULTS: With the AAPM TG18 Evaluation Tool, we measured the 2-dimensional length when evaluating the quantitative geometric distortions in the TG18-QC test pattern, and we measured the veiling-glare ring response function, which provided information regarding the spatial extent of the luminance spread, and this measurement of the can be performed using the TG18-GV pattern. Additionally, the AAPM TG18 Evaluation Tool can be used for sensor calibration to standardize the basic rate of 0% luminance when performing periodic calibration. CONCLUSION: The evaluation tool is a very useful for easily evaluating many of the examination items of the AAPM TG18 for performing quality control of a diagnostic monitor.
Calibration ; Computer Terminals ; Glare ; Organothiophosphorus Compounds ; Quality Control ; Radiology Information Systems ; Total Quality Management

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate visual display terminal (VDT) Syndrome, syndrome, sleep quality and physical activity level according to smartphone addiction level in nursing students. METHODS: The study subjects were 211 nursing students who gave informed consent. The VDT syndrome symptoms, sleep quality, physical activity, smartphone addiction level were measured by structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using x2 test, Fisher's exact test, one way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient by IBM SPSS 20.0 program. RESULTS: The average score of smartphone addiction was 35.89 and the high risk group of smartphone addiction was 11.9%, potential risk group was 17.5% and normal group was 70.6%. Smartphone addiction level was significantly associated with gender, grade point, satisfaction with college life, smartphone fare, smartphone using time, smartphone using period, daily using time. In the high risk group, VDT syndrome score was higher, and sleep quality was lower than normal group. Physical activity had no significant difference according to smartphone addiction. Smartphone addiction level was significantly positive correlation with VDT syndrome and sleep quality score, and negative correlation with physical activity. CONCLUSION: Based on the outcomes of this study, it is necessary to develop a smartphone addiction management program with concrete measures to prevent VDT syndrome and poor sleep quality and multidisciplinary approach for controlling smartphone addiction in nursing students.
Computer Terminals ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Motor Activity* ; Nursing* ; Smartphone* ; Students, Nursing*

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of a jazz dance program on musculoskeletal pains of female telephone operators. METHOD: Ten female telephone operators with neck and upper extremity discomfort were studied. The jazz dance program was carried out three times a week for 12 weeks. The effect of the jazz dance program was assessed with visual analogue scale (VAS) and the pressure thresholds of muscles of right neck and shoulder (the upper trapezius, rhomboideus, infraspinatus, and levator scapulae) with pressure algometer before and after exercise in every week. RESULTS: There was significant increase of the pressure thresholds on four muscles of right neck and shoulder (p<0.05). There was significant decrease of the averages of VAS of neck and upper extremity (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Jazz dance program is an effetive tool for the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal pains in Visual Display Terminal (VDT) workers.
Computer Terminals ; Female ; Humans ; Muscles ; Musculoskeletal Pain* ; Neck ; Shoulder ; Superficial Back Muscles ; Telephone* ; Upper Extremity