PURPOSE: Nurses experience burnout related to various factors. For this descriptive research job stress, compassion satisfaction, and compassion fatigue were examined as to their relationship to burnout in nurses from children's hospital. METHODS: The participants were 305 nurses working in children's hospital. Self-report questionnaires were used to measure job stress, compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout. RESULTS: Nurses in children's hospital experienced a greater than moderate degree of job stress, compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout, whereas differences existed according to general characteristics. Job stress, compassion fatigue and burnout showed a significant positive correlation and results of compassion fatigue and burnout were similar. Also, job stress, compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue were associated with burnout in nurses working in children's hospital. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that as longer work experience is accompanied by higher job stress and burnout, it is necessary to develop intervention programs to reduce burnout among career nurses exposed to greater job stress in children's hospital.
Compassion Fatigue* ; Empathy*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Victim advocates are at risk of developing secondary traumatic stress (STS), which can result from witnessing or listening to accounts of traumatic events. This study investigated the relationship between victim status, years of experience, hours of direct contact with victims, and availability of workplace supports in the development of STS. RESULTS: Of the 142 victim advocates, 134 were women. Regression analyses revealed that the only significant predictor of STS was the number of direct hours of victim services provided. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study found that women have high rates of STS and that more workplace support needs to be implemented.
Compassion Fatigue ; Female ; Humans

Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic places additional strain on healthcare detrimental to the well-being of primary health care workforce, increasing their risk for compassion fatigue (CF). Identifying individuals at risk and needing intervention is essential to lessen the prevalence and negative consequences of CF Objective: To determine the prevalence of compassion satisfaction (CS) and components of CF - burnout(BO) and secondary traumatic stress(STS) - and significant score differences in terms of identified factors among clinic staff of a chain of communitybased primary care clinics in Manila, Quezon City, Marikina, Caloocan, and Valenzuela during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional design with survey methodology was implemented. Online self- administered questionnaire with demographic survey, Perceived Stress Scale, and ProQoL 5, was pilot tested then administered to 68 clinic staff in 13 clinics in Manila, Quezon City, Marikina, Caloocan, and Valenzuela. One-tailed t-test was applied to determine score differences for each subscale (95% confidence interval). Results: 53 participants responded. Most had high levels of CS (79.47%), BO (73.6%), and STS (73.60%). Higher CS scores were found in those with safe working environment (mean=52.02, p = 0.048) and attendees of company-sponsored illness mitigation programs (mean=53.22, p = 0.043). Those who travel ≥1 hour have higher BO (mean=53.46, p=0.038). Those with adequate managerial support (mean 53.35, p = 0.045), patient interaction ≥15 minutes (mean 52.38, p = 0.028), and allied staff with ≥20 patients per day (mean 53.68, p = 0.013) have higher STS. No differences were found for the other investigated factors. Conclusion and Recommendations The study determined that the primary care workers in the studied population were not spared from the burden of high CF despite having high CS. This becomes a quality assurance concern, hence mitigation programs addressing these concerns as well as follow-up studies with pooled data and evaluation for associated risk factors are recommended.
Compassion Fatigue ; COVID-19

Introduction: Physician burnout (BO) is an increasing global concern due to its rising prevalence and effect on patient care Objective: This study determined the prevalence of BO, compassion fatigue (CF), and compassion satisfaction (CS), among residents of obstetrics and gynecology in the Philippines, and identified the factors associated with these Methods: This was a cross‑sectional study, which used stratified random sampling. The strata comprised public and private hospitals that were subdivided into Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao, and National Capital Region. From these, 33 training hospitals were randomly selected, which served as clusters wherein all resident physicians of obstetrics and gynecology were invited to answer either an online or printed version of the Professional Quality of Life Scale Version 5 questionnaire Results: Majority of the 311 participants included had average level of BO (n = 281, 90.4%), CF (n = 237, 76.2%), and CS (n = 213, 68.5%). CS was negatively correlated with burnout (r = −0.31, P < 0.001) and CF (r = −0.34, P < 0.001), whereas BO and CS were positively correlated (r = +0.48, P < 0.001). Type of institution, sleeping hours, and interrupted leaves were the common factors that yield significant differences in BO (P = 0.037, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001) and CF (P = 0.002, P = 0.043, and P = 0.005). Significant differences were observed in CS scores in terms of age (P = 0.016), marital status (P = 0.038), child dependents (P = 0.006), level of training (P = 0.005), and location and type of institution (P ≤ 0.001 and P = 0.003). Conclusion There is a need to develop active awareness of BO and CF among resident physicians to effect interventions at the individual and institutional level.
Burnout, Psychological ; Compassion Fatigue

Background: Compassion fatigue is a true phenomenon experienced by overworked and exhausted nurses. Objective: This study assessed frontline nurses' compassion fatigue, stress, mental health, and turnover intention during the second year of the COVID-19 outbreak Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, an online survey was administered in the first quarter of 2021 to 259 hospital nurses in the Central Philippines using standardized scales to gather the necessary data. Results: Nurses were found to have moderate levels of compassion fatigue and turnover intention, high stress, and good mental health. Results revealed that compassion fatigue was associated with poor mental health (r = −5.05, p = 0.01), higher stress levels (r = 0.54, p = <0.001), and turnover intention (r = 0.27, p = <0.001). Conclusion Pandemic-related compassion fatigue in nurses increases their stress, worsens their mental health, and heightens their intentions to leave their jobs. Organizations should address compassion fatigue through a supportive work climate.
Compassion Fatigue ; Mental Health ; Nursing

Background: The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic significantly disrupted regular health care services, mainly in the hospitals. Nurses soldiering on the battlefront of care of disaster response in the Philippines during the disease outbreak are at high risk of developing rapid-onset compassion fatigue. Notably, research is still needed to investigate the impact of compassion fatigue on various clinical areas and further develop a theory of compassion fatigue within the nursing context. Objectives: The study explored the concept of compassion as experienced by nurses directly caring for COVID-19 patients. The study further explored the experiences of nurses on compassion fatigue. Methods: This study employed qualitative methodology, specifically the constructivist grounded theory. Results: Thirty-four participants were included in the study. The narratives and voices of the nurses unfolded the following themes: (1) Acts of Compassion, (2) COVID-19 Pandemic: Nursing Challenges and Detours, (3) Nurses’ Compassion Fatigue, (4) Narratives of Opportunities: Thriving at the outset of COVID-19. All four concepts are linked to the multidimensional concept of compassion fatigue. A substantive theory, “Remon’s CF Theory in Nursing," is proposed based on the grounded experiences of nurses caring for COVID-19 patients related to compassion fatigue. Conclusion: Compassion Fatigue (CF) is a psycho-social phenomenon and occupational hazard affecting nurses directly caring for or in contact with COVID-19 patients. CF is a process that develops over time brought by prolonged enactment of compassion, the experience of empathic distress, and concurrence of organizational, contextual, and psychosocial factors. Nurses' CF can potentially affect safety and lead to poor nursing care, compromised work relations, and burnout. Nurse leaders' organizational and leadership commitment and support through up-to-date policies and continuous research on the topic are necessary to regain compassion among nurses. Likewise, reframing nurse compassion fatigue as an organizational and collective problem provides the larger perspective to further improve clinical practice and nurses’ welfare. Recommendations Nurse leaders, hospital and COVID-19 facility administrators must ensure specific policies and priorities that address issues causing and fueling nurse compassion fatigue, including frequency of exposure to traumatic events, lack of resources, and inadequate support system. The study further suggests conducting quantitative research to test the proposed theory and explore the relationship between organizational, psychosocial, and environmental context, compassion fatigue, and compassion-driven factors.
Compassion Fatigue ; Nurses ; Grounded Theory

Background: The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic significantly disrupted regular health care services, mainly in the hospitals. Nurses soldiering on the battlefront of care of disaster response in the Philippines during the disease outbreak are at high risk of developing rapid-onset compassion fatigue. Notably, research is still needed to investigate the impact of compassion fatigue on various clinical areas and further develop a theory of compassion fatigue within the nursing context. Objectives: The study explored the concept of compassion as experienced by nurses directly caring for COVID-19 patients. The study further explored the experiences of nurses on compassion fatigue. Methods: This study employed qualitative methodology, specifically the constructivist grounded theory. Results: Thirty-four participants were included in the study. The narratives and voices of the nurses unfolded the following themes: (1) Acts of Compassion, (2) COVID-19 Pandemic: Nursing Challenges and Detours, (3) Nurses’ Compassion Fatigue, (4) Narratives of Opportunities: Thriving at the outset of COVID-19. All four concepts are linked to the multidimensional concept of compassion fatigue. A substantive theory, “Remon’s CF Theory in Nursing," is proposed based on the grounded experiences of nurses caring for COVID-19 patients related to compassion fatigue. Conclusion: Compassion Fatigue (CF) is a psycho-social phenomenon and occupational hazard affecting nurses directly caring for or in contact with COVID-19 patients. CF is a process that develops over time brought by prolonged enactment of compassion, the experience of empathic distress, and concurrence of organizational, contextual, and psychosocial factors. Nurses' CF can potentially affect safety and lead to poor nursing care, compromised work relations, and burnout. Nurse leaders' organizational and leadership commitment and support through up-to-date policies and continuous research on the topic are necessary to regain compassion among nurses. Likewise, reframing nurse compassion fatigue as an organizational and collective problem provides the larger perspective to further improve clinical practice and nurses’ welfare. Recommendations Nurse leaders, hospital and COVID-19 facility administrators must ensure specific policies and priorities that address issues causing and fueling nurse compassion fatigue, including frequency of exposure to traumatic events, lack of resources, and inadequate support system. The study further suggests conducting quantitative research to test the proposed theory and explore the relationship between organizational, psychosocial, and environmental context, compassion fatigue, and compassion-driven factors.
Compassion Fatigue ; Nurses ; Grounded Theory

INTRODUCTION: Increased healthcare demands due to the COVID-19 pandemic have overwhelmed nurses worldwide. Resilience of nurses has been impacted due to many factors (e.g., longer work shifts) causing psychological distress. The study aimed to determine the correlation of burnout, compassion fatigue, and moral injury with resilience among nurses assigned in COVID-19 wards. METHODS: Virtual survey tools were sent to nurses of a public hospital to obtain data. Data were analyzed using JAMOVI and SPSS. RESULTS: Levels of burnout showed moderate burnout in personal burnout (f=44) (65.7%); Moderate burnout in work-telated burnout (f=36) (53.7%); no/low level of burnout in client-related burnout (f=48) (71.6%). Level of compassion fatigue showed job burnout (f=59) (88.1%). Level of moral injury indicated “requiring clinical attention” (f=52) (77.6%). Level of resilience showed medium resilience (f=45) (67.2%). Correlation between burnout and resilience yielded negligible negative correlations between personal burnout and resilience (r=-0.160, p=0.031), work-related burnout and resilience (r=-0.222, p=0.008), and client-related burnout and resilience (r=-0.120, p=0.741). Correlation yielded weak negative correlations between compassion fatigue and resilience (r=-0.254, p=0.038) and between moral injury and resilience (r=-0.318, p=0.009). The linear regression showed no significant correlations between personal burnout and resilience (p=0.063), work-related burnout and resilience (p=0.070), client-related burnout and resilience (p=0.331), compassion fatigue and resilience (p=0.080), moral injury and resilience (p=0.227). CONCLUSION The findings showed significant correlations between personal burnout and resilience, work- related burnout and resilience, compassion fatigue and resilience, and moral injury and resilience. There were no significant correlations between client-related burnout and resilience. Multiple linear regression indicated burnout, compassion fatigue, and moral injury are not predictive factors for resilience.
Resilience ; burnout ; compassion fatigue ; moral injury

Background: Compassion fatigue is a true phenomenon experienced by overworked and exhausted nurses. Objective: This study assessed frontline nurses' compassion fatigue, stress, mental health, and turnover intention during the second year of the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, an online survey was administered in the first quarter of 2021 to 259 hospital nurses in the Central Philippines using standardized scales to gather the necessary data. Results: Nurses were found to have moderate levels of compassion fatigue and turnover intention, high stress, and good mental health. Results revealed that compassion fatigue was associated with poor mental health (r = −5.05, p = 0.01), higher stress levels (r = 0.54, p = <0.001), and turnover intention (r = 0.27, p = <0.001). Conclusion Pandemic-related compassion fatigue in nurses increases their stress, worsens their mental health, and heightens their intentions to leave their jobs. Organizations should address compassion fatigue through a supportive work climate.
Compassion Fatigue ; mental health ; nursing ; stress

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of secondary traumatic stress and compassion satisfaction on burnout in psychiatric nurses and the moderating effects of social support. METHODS: The participants were 214 psychiatric nurses from G city & C, G, J province. Data were collected from October 23 to November 6, 2015 and analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, multiple regression analysis and moderated regression analysis. RESULTS: Secondary traumatic stress and compassion satisfaction had significant influence on burnout in psychiatric nurses. The explained variance for burnout was 67%. However, social support did not moderate the effect of secondary traumatic stress and compassion satisfaction on burnout. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that burnout in psychiatric nurses may have a direct influence on their nursing services. There is a need to provide nursing intervention programs in order to prevent and alleviate burnout in psychiatric nurses by decreasing secondary traumatic stress and increasing compassion satisfaction.
Compassion Fatigue* ; Empathy* ; Nursing ; Nursing Services ; Psychiatric Nursing