Bat, the only flying mammal and count more than 20% of the extant mammals on earth, were recently identified as a natural reservoir of emerging and reemerging infectious pathogens. Astonishing amount (more than 70) and genetic diversity of viruses isolated from the bat have been identified in different populations throughout the world. Many studies focus on bat viruses that caused severe domestic and human diseases. However, many viruses were found in apparently healthy bats, suggesting that bats may have a specific immune system or antiviral activity against virus infections. Therefore, basic researches for bat immunology and virus-host interactions are important for understanding bat-derived infectious diseases.
Animals ; Chiroptera ; classification ; virology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; virology ; Disease Reservoirs ; virology ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Viruses ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification

Aged, 80 and over ; China ; epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases ; epidemiology ; virology ; Female ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; virology

The annual seasonal epidemic of influenza caused serious disease burden around the world, and serious social panic and economic losses. Due to the high variability and uncertainty of influenza virus, prevention and control of influenza faces many challenges. Surveillance is a key strategy to prevent and control influenza, and influenza is the first infectious disease to be monitored globally. More than 60 years, influenza surveillance programs in China has made great contributions to the prevention and control of influenza in China and the world. Especially in the past 10 years, the influenza surveillance network has developed rapidly, the scale has been expanded significantly, the monitoring content and scope have been continuously improved, and the monitoring quality has been rapidly improved. The China Influenza Surveillance Network is one of the early detection systems for emerging infectious diseases in China and the world. It helps to improve the capacity of public health system in prevention and control and early warning of emerging infectious diseases.
Animals ; Birds ; China ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology* ; Disease Outbreaks ; Global Health ; Humans ; Influenza in Birds/virology* ; Influenza, Human/virology* ; Population Surveillance/methods* ; Public Health ; Public Policy

Radix Isatidis (Banlangen in Chinese), used to clearing away heat and toxic material, is a traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) herb. It is frequently used for preventing and treating infectious diseases caused by viruses. To provide scientific basis for the effect of Radix Isatidis on infectious diseases, the traditional effect and new research development on pharmacological activities are summarized in the review. According to the existed problems in the clinical application, the weak links and shortages of quality research and industrialized production of Radix Isatidis are discussed. It could present the new ideas for improving the technology of Radix Isatidis preparation, and promoting the rational use of the preparation in the clinical treatment.
Animals ; Communicable Disease Control ; methods ; Communicable Diseases ; drug therapy ; virology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Viruses ; drug effects ; pathogenicity

Child, Preschool ; Communicable Disease Control ; Diarrhea ; prevention & control ; virology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Virus Diseases ; prevention & control ; virology ; Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Viruses ; isolation & purification

Pandemic influenza has posed an increasing threat to public health worldwide in the last decade. In the 20th century, three human pandemic influenza outbreaks occurred in 1918, 1957 and 1968, causing significant mortality. A number of hypotheses have been proposed for the emergence and development of pandemic viruses, including direct introduction into humans from an avian origin and reassortment between avian and previously circulating human viruses, either directly in humans or via an intermediate mammalian host. However, the evolutionary history of the pandemic viruses has been controversial, largely due to the lack of background genetic information and rigorous phylogenetic analyses. The pandemic that emerged in early April 2009 in North America provides a unique opportunity to investigate its emergence and development both in human and animal aspects. Recent genetic analyses of data accumulated through long-term influenza surveillance provided insights into the emergence of this novel pandemic virus. In this review, we summarise the recent literature that describes the evolutionary pathway of the pandemic viruses. We also discuss the implications of these findings on the early detection and control of future pandemics.
Animals ; Birds ; virology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; epidemiology ; history ; virology ; Evolution, Molecular ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ; genetics ; Influenza in Birds ; epidemiology ; history ; virology ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; history ; virology ; Pandemics ; history

The aim of this study was to evaluate the infectious complications after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in children. We enrolled 95 children (38 boys and 57 girls) who underwent LDLT from 1994 to 2004. The median age was 22 months (range, 6 months to 15 yr). We retrospectively investigated the proven episodes of bacterial, viral, and fungal infection. There occurred 150 infections in 67 (70%) of 95 patients (1.49 infections/patient); 74 in 43 patients were bacterial, 2 in 2 were fungal, and 74 in 42 were viral. The most common sites of bacterial infection were the bloodstream (33%) and abdomen (25%). Most of the bacterial infections occurred within the first month after LDLT. Bacterial and fungal infections did not result in any deaths. The most common causes of viral infection were Epstein-Barr virus in 37 patients and cytomegalovirus in 18. Seven of the 14 deaths after LDLT were associated with viral infection. Our study suggests that infection is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality after LDLT. Especially careful monitoring and management of viral infections is crucial for improving the outcome of LDLT in children.
Adult ; Child ; Communicable Diseases/*etiology/microbiology/mortality/virology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use ; Infection/*etiology/microbiology/mortality/virology ; Liver Transplantation/*adverse effects/mortality ; *Living Donors ; Male ; *Postoperative Complications/microbiology/mortality/virology ; Retrospective Studies

This study clarifies the causes of the repetitive occurrences of such phenomena as rinderpest, epidemic, famine, and tiger disasters recorded in the Joseon Dynasty Chronicle and the Seungjeongwon Journals in the period of great catastrophe, the late 17th century in which the great Gyeongsin famine (1670~1671) and the great Eulbyeong famine (1695~1696) occurred, from the perspective that they were biological exchanges caused by the new arrival of rinderpest in the early 17th century. It is an objection to the achievements by existing studies which suggest that the great catastrophes occurring in the late 17th century are evidence of phenomena in a little ice age. First of all, rinderpest has had influence on East Asia as it had been spread from certain areas in Machuria in May 1636 through Joseon, where it raged throughout the nation, and then to the west part of Japan. The new arrival of rinderpest was indigenized in Joseon, where it was localized and spread periodically while it was adjusted to changes in the population of cattle with immunity in accordance with their life spans and reproduction rates. As the new rinderpest, which showed high pathogenicity in the early 17th century, was indigenized with its high mortality and continued until the late 17th century, it broke out periodically in general. Contrastively, epidemics like smallpox and measles that were indigenized as routine ones had occurred constantly from far past times. As a result, the rinderpest, which tried a new indigenization, and the human epidemics, which had been already indigenized long ago, were unexpectedly overlapped in their breakout, and hence great changes were noticed in the aspects of the human casualty due to epidemics. The outbreak of rinderpest resulted in famine due to lack of farming cattle, and the famine caused epidemics among people. The casualty of the human population due to the epidemics in turn led to negligence of farming cattle, which constituted factors that triggered rage and epidemics of rinderpest. The more the number of sources of infection and hosts with low immunity increased, the more lost human resources and farming cattle were lost, which led to a great famine. The periodic outbreak of the rinderpester along with the routine prevalence of various epidemics in the 17thcentury also had influenced on domestic and wild animals. Due to these phenomenon, full-fledged famines occurred that were incomparable with earlier ones. The number of domestic animals that were neglected by people who, faced with famines, were not able to take care of them was increased, and this might have brought about the rage of epidemics like rinderpest in domestic animals like cattle. The great Gyeongsin and Eulbyeong famines due to reoccurrence of the rinderpest in the late 17th century linked rinderpester, epidemics and great famines so that they interacted with each other. Furthermore, the recurring cycle of epidemics-famines-rinderpest-great famines constituted a great cycle with synergy, which resulted in eco-economic-historical great catastrophes accompanied by large scale casualties. Therefore, the Gyeongsin and Eulbyeong famines occurring in the late 17th century can be treated as events caused by the repetition of various periodic disastrous factors generated in 1670~1671 and in 1695~1696 respectively, and particularly as phenomena caused by biological exchanges based on rinderpester., rather than as little ice age phenomena due to relatively long term temperature lowering.
Animals ; Cattle ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/*history ; Epidemics/*history ; History, 17th Century ; Korea/epidemiology ; Population Dynamics ; Rinderpest/epidemiology/*history/virology ; Starvation/epidemiology/etiology/*history ; Tigers/physiology

OBJECTIVETo develop a high-throughput diagnostic method with suspension array technique for detecting pathogenic microbes.

METHODSThe probes and positive controls of 56 kinds of pathogenic microbes were designed, synthesized, and used to detect pathogenic microbes with suspension array technique.

RESULTSFluorescence signals of 56 positive controls were higher than those of the negative controls, and there was no cross-reaction between the probes and positive controls of different microbes.

CONCLUSIONBased on suspension array technique, the high-throughput diagnostic method may be useful in clinical detection of pathogenic microbes.

Animals ; Communicable Diseases ; microbiology ; virology ; Enterovirus ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Microbiological Techniques ; Mumps virus ; isolation & purification ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; methods ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; isolation & purification

Bacterial Typing Techniques ; methods ; Communicable Diseases ; diagnosis ; microbiology ; virology ; Epidemiologic Methods ; Humans ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; methods ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; methods