After one year study in Hung Ha district (Thai Binh province) and Cai Lay district (Tien Giang province) from November 1997 to October 1998, the experimental active surveillance system was successfully established in both organizational and technical aspects at the study sites. It is proved that establishing the active surveillance system is necessary and useful in terms of controlling effectively outbreak of communicable diseases. It provides the accurate, complete, and punctual data, so that the epidemic control will be performed timely and effectively. This active surveillance system should be expanded to the other sites
Communicable Diseases ; epidemiology

During 10 years from 1991-2000, the main communicable diseases are still existing as an important health problem in Vietnam. However, the trend has changed, particularly for vaccine preventable diseases. Poliomyelitis was eradicated by the year 2000. Neonatal tetanus has decreased below 1/1000 live births at the district level, therefore, it was eliminated in Vietnam. Pertussis has diminished under 0.4/100,000 population since 1994. Japanese encephalitis (JE) has been controlled in some districts where coverage of JE vaccineation was high. Cholera still occurs in Vietnam, but the morbidity rate has decreased under 0.85/100,000 inhabitants since 1996. Plague happens in the Central, Southern and High Plataeux region, but the number of cases and deaths have dramatically decreased
Communicable Diseases Epidemiology

Pakistan is ranked 9th in terms of flood-affected countries worldwide. In the summer of 2010, the northern province of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa received more than 312 mm of rain in a 56 hour period. This resulted in over 1 600 deaths across the region. In addition, over 14 million people were directly affected by this record-breaking deluge. Flood affected regions serve as ideal breeding grounds for pathogens, leading to the spread of diseases. The poor standards of hygiene in camps set up for individuals displaced by the floods also contribute to this. It is essential that those involved in relief efforts are aware of the epidemiology of diseases that have historically seen a sudden upsurge after natural disasters. Keeping this in mind, we conducted a simple review of literature. An extensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed data base and online search engines. Articles published in the last 20 years were considered along with some historical articles where a background was required. Seven major diseases were identified to increase substantially in the aftermath of natural disasters. They were then classified into acute and sub-acute settings. Diarrhea, skin & eye infections and leptospirosis were identified in the acute setting while malaria, leishmaniasis, respiratory infections and hepatitis were identified in the sub-acute setting.
Communicable Diseases ; epidemiology ; Floods ; Humans ; Pakistan ; epidemiology

China ; epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases ; epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; epidemiology ; Data Collection ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Sentinel Surveillance

China ; epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Population Surveillance

Currently, non-communicable chronic diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and a large proportion of chronic diseases are preventable through risk factor management. However, the prevention efficacy at the individual level is not yet satisfactory. Chronic disease prediction models have been developed to assist physicians and individuals in clinical decision-making. A chronic disease prediction model assesses multiple risk factors together and estimates an absolute disease risk for the individual. Accurate prediction of an individual's future risk for a certain disease enables the comparison of benefits and risks of treatment, the costs of alternative prevention strategies, and selection of the most efficient strategy for the individual. A large number of chronic disease prediction models, especially targeting cardiovascular diseases and cancers, have been suggested, and some of them have been adopted in the clinical practice guidelines and recommendations of many countries. Although few chronic disease prediction tools have been suggested in the Korean population, their clinical utility is not as high as expected. This article reviews methodologies that are commonly used for developing and evaluating a chronic disease prediction model and discusses the current status of chronic disease prediction in Korea.
Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Chronic Disease/*epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; *Models, Theoretical ; Risk Factors

Currently, non-communicable chronic diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and a large proportion of chronic diseases are preventable through risk factor management. However, the prevention efficacy at the individual level is not yet satisfactory. Chronic disease prediction models have been developed to assist physicians and individuals in clinical decision-making. A chronic disease prediction model assesses multiple risk factors together and estimates an absolute disease risk for the individual. Accurate prediction of an individual's future risk for a certain disease enables the comparison of benefits and risks of treatment, the costs of alternative prevention strategies, and selection of the most efficient strategy for the individual. A large number of chronic disease prediction models, especially targeting cardiovascular diseases and cancers, have been suggested, and some of them have been adopted in the clinical practice guidelines and recommendations of many countries. Although few chronic disease prediction tools have been suggested in the Korean population, their clinical utility is not as high as expected. This article reviews methodologies that are commonly used for developing and evaluating a chronic disease prediction model and discusses the current status of chronic disease prediction in Korea.
Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Chronic Disease/*epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; *Models, Theoretical ; Risk Factors

China ; epidemiology ; Communicable Disease Control ; methods ; Communicable Diseases ; epidemiology ; Disasters ; Humans

China ; epidemiology ; Communicable Disease Control ; statistics & numerical data ; Communicable Diseases ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans

For the past several decades, the infectious disease profile in China has been shifting with rapid developments in social and economic aspects, environment, quality of food, water, housing, and public health infrastructure. Notably, 5 notifiable infectious diseases have been almost eradicated, and the incidence of 18 additional notifiable infectious diseases has been significantly reduced. Unexpectedly, the incidence of over 10 notifiable infectious diseases, including HIV, brucellosis, syphilis, and dengue fever, has been increasing. Nevertheless, frequent infectious disease outbreaks/events have been reported almost every year, and imported infectious diseases have increased since 2015. New pathogens and over 100 new genotypes or serotypes of known pathogens have been identified. Some infectious diseases seem to be exacerbated by various factors, including rapid urbanization, large numbers of migrant workers, changes in climate, ecology, and policies, such as returning farmland to forests. This review summarizes the current experiences and lessons from China in managing emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, especially the effects of ecology, climate, and behavior, which should have merits in helping other countries to control and prevent infectious diseases.
Behavior ; China ; epidemiology ; Climate ; Communicable Diseases ; classification ; epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Ecology ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Incidence